The effect of transient storage on nitrate uptake lengths in streams: an inter‐site comparison

Surface water–groundwater interaction in the hyporheic zone may enhance biogeochemical cycling in streams, and it has been hypothesized that streams exchanging more water with the hyporheic zone should have more rapid nitrate utilization. We used simultaneous conservative solute and nitrate addition tracer tests to measure transient storage (which includes hyporheic exchange and in‐stream storage) and the rate of nitrate uptake along three reaches within the Red Canyon Creek watershed, Wyoming. We calibrated a one‐dimensional transport model, incorporating transient storage (OTIS‐P), to the conservative solute breakthrough curves and used the results to determine the degree of transient storage in each reach. The nitrate uptake length was quantified from the exponential decrease in nitrate concentration with distance during the tracer tests. Nitrate uptake along the most downstream reach of Red Canyon Creek was rapid (turnover time K^?1_c = 32 min), compared with nitrate uptake reported in other studies (K^?1_c = 12 to 551 min), but other sites within the watershed showed little nitrate retention or loss. The uptake length S_w‐NO^?₃ for the most downstream reach was 500 m and the mass transfer coefficient V_f‐NO^?₃ was 6·3 m min^?1. Results from 15 other nitrate‐addition tracer tests were used to create a regression model relating transient storage and measures of stream flow to nitrate uptake length. The model, which includes specific discharge and transient storage area, explains almost half the variability in nitrate uptake length (adjusted R² = 0·44) and is most effective for comparing sites with very different stream characteristics. Although large differences in specific discharge and storage zone area explain inter‐site differences in nitrate uptake, other unmeasured variables, such as available organic carbon and microbial community composition, are likely important for predicting differences in nitrate uptake between sites with similar specific discharge rates and storage zone areas, such as when making intra‐site comparisons. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ENSO循环的两个不同位相期印度洋海表温度异常的特征分析

通过对ENSO循环的两个不同位相中印度洋地区海表温度变化特征的分析,指出印度洋地区的海温变化与赤道东太平洋地区的海温变化有较好的相关关系,是ENSO循环的重要组成部分。对应于赤道东太平洋暖位相期,印度洋地区的海温分布为东冷西暖;与此相反,在赤道东太平洋冷位相期,印度洋地区的海温分布为东暖西冷。进-步的分析还发现,印度洋东、西部地区海温变化纬向差异最明显的区域位于印度洋赤道以南0～25°S附近,且这种差异具有明显的年季变化特征,在整个夏季风期间差异较大,而冬季风期间较小,其中冷位相期间的纬向差异比暖位相期间的纬向差异大。代表印度洋纬向差异的IDM(偶极指数)变化与赤道东太平洋地区的海温变化有很好的正相关关系。     

Provenance of a prominent sediment drift on the northern slope of the South China Sea

The sedimentation rate of the sediment drift in the southeast of Dongsha Islands is as high as 49 cm/ka in the last 1.05 Ma. Although the sedimentation rate changes with time, the contents of rare elements of the sediments remain almost the same, indicating that the source area of the sediments has been constant with time. On the triangular diagrams of La-Th-Sc and Th-Sc-Zr/10, the samples from the southeast of Dongsha Islands fall within the continental island arc field, overlapping the samples from Taiwan, while the samples from the Pearl River, those from the west of the Philippines that contain volcanic material, are separated from them. This indicates that the sediments from the southeast of Dongsha Islands have a close relationship to those from Taiwan in terms of provenance. In fact, the sediments on the northern slope of the South China Sea were derived from northeast direction, as well as from Taiwan, most probably transported from Taiwan through Penghu channel into the South China Sea. The terrigenous part of the deep-sea sediments in the north of the South China Sea was provided by different sources.     

罕见的“强烈震群”活动

本文介绍了全世界范围内的“强烈震群”的地区分布、活动频率和强度等特征，并指出“强烈震群”主要分布在太平洋西半部的岛弧－海沟地带，这些“强烈震群”是依据近百年来的现代地震仪观测数据获得的。     

Continental- Margin Structure of Northeast China and Its Adjacent Areas

The continental margin of Northeast China and its adjacent areas is composed of two tectonic belts. The inner belt is a collage made up of fragments resulting from breakup of an old land with the north part related to the evolution of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and the south part to the evolution of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean. The outer belt is a Mesozoic terrane, which is a melange made up of fragments of the Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic oceanic crust and the Late M esozoic trench accumulations.There existed another ocean-the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean during the period from the closing of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean to the opening of the modern Pacific Ocean or from the Devonian to Jurassic, and the ocean-floor spreading of the Palaeo - Pacific Ocean led to the formation of the above-mentioned tectonic belts. The development of the strike-slip fault system after the Late Jurassic and the formation of an epicontinental volcano -plutonic rock belt in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary are attributed to the i     

滇西云县地区中二叠世火山岩的发现及其对昌宁- 孟连古特提斯洋俯冲作用的约束

多年来，对滇西云县- 南涧一带广泛出露的中晚三叠世火山岩的形成时代及大地构造属性一直存在争议。出露于云县漫湾地区的原划中三叠统忙怀组中新发现有厚数米的英安岩、英安质凝灰岩夹流纹岩、凝灰岩组合。本次研究采集英安岩D0001进行锆石U- Pb LA- ICP- MS定年，获得262. 5±3. 1Ma的岩浆结晶年龄和447. 4±9. 1Ma的继承性年龄，时代厘定为中二叠世晚期，而非前人认为的中三叠世。对岩石组合、同位素测年及地球化学的详细研究表明，这套火山岩属石炭- 二叠系龙洞河组，为一套中酸性火山岩组合；SiO2含量68. 14%~74. 62%，Eu负异常，在TAS图解中全部落入英安岩- 流纹岩区；微量元素蛛网图明显富集Rb、Th、Ce等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素，具典型火山岛弧特征，是目前临沧岩浆弧发现的最为年轻的岛弧型酸性火山岩记录，其岩浆源区为受壳源物质混染的下地壳镁铁质岩石部分熔融；应为早中二叠世昌宁- 孟连洋向东俯冲的产物。本次的发现，为西南三江地区昌宁- 孟连洋向东俯冲提供有利的岩石学记录及时代约束，也为石炭- 二叠系龙洞河组北延提供有利支撑，澜沧江断裂以西区域前人划分的忙怀组的分布范围和规模需要重估。     

The biogeochemical distribution of trace elements in the Indian Ocean

The present review deals with the distributions of dissolved trace metals in the Indian Ocean in relation with biological, chemical and hydrographic processes. The literature data-base is extremely limited and almost no information is available on particle processes and input and output processes of trace metals in the Indian Ocean basin and therefore much research is needed to expand our understanding of the marine chemistries of most trace metals. An area of special interest for future research is the Arabian Sea. The local conditions (upwelling induced productivity, restricted bottom water circulation and suboxic intermediate waters) create a natural laboratory for studying trace metal chemistry.     

Regional variation of Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients in the Eastern Pacific

Seismograms recorded for five earthquakes on the east Pacific rise have been analyzed to obtain the attenuation coefficients of the fundamental Rayleigh mode for the eastern Pacific in the 15–110 second period range. The attenuation coefficients have been obtained using two new methods, a reference-station method, and an iterative method by which the seismic moment and regionalized attenuation coefficient values are obtained simultaneously after considering the effect of the source directivity and time-function. The reference-station method was applied to the entire eastern Pacific, excluding paths along the east Pacific rise. When using the iterative method we divided the eastern Pacific into three sub-regions, designated as the north-eastern Pacific, the Nazca plate and the east Pacific rise. Although much scatter is present, the data suggest that attenuation coefficients for the Nazca plate are higher than those for the northeastern Pacific, and both are substantially higher than average values obtained for the entire Pacific Ocean. Two paths that lie along or near the east Pacific rise are characterized by especially high attenuation coefficients. These values suggest that a low-Q zone exists beneath that narrow feature.     

柴北缘乌兰北部三叠纪辉长岩的年代学和地球化学特征

柴北缘乌兰地区中生代岩浆岩分布广泛，主要出露辉长岩、闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗岩。乌兰北部两件辉长岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示其加权平均年龄分别为（241.9±0.9） Ma和（245.4±1.9） Ma，说明其形成于中三叠世早期。辉长岩的w（SiO₂）为47.94%和52.01%，全碱质量分数较低（ALK为1.25%和1.47%），里特曼指数为0.33和0.26，属钙碱性系列岩石；w（Cr）（1 661.00×10^-6和1 418.00×10^-6）、w（Ni）（394.00×10^-6和280.00×10^-6）和Mg^#值（81和79）极高，具幔源原生玄武岩浆特征。轻、重稀土元素分馏较弱，LREE/HREE为3.92和3.44，无明显负Eu异常，表明未发生明显的岩浆分异作用；富集K、Rb等大离子亲石元素，不同程度地亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素，表现为与俯冲作用相关的弧岩浆岩特征。辉长岩的ε_Hf（t）值（-3.0~9.3）变化较大，暗示来自地幔的基性岩浆中有地壳组分的加入。结合区域地质演化特征研究成果，认为辉长岩形成于古特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下的大陆边缘弧环境，俯冲的洋壳板片脱水产生的流体导致上覆地幔楔部分熔融，形成玄武质岩浆，岩浆上升侵位过程中遭受地壳物质混染或与壳源岩浆发生混合作用。     

Decadal-scale variations of water mass properties in the deep Weddell Sea

Data from cruises between 1989 and 2003 with FS Polarstern were used to construct section-wide potential temperature and salinity time series of the main water masses in the Weddell Gyre. In tandem with these CTD data, two time series between 1989 and 1995 are presented from moored instruments in the central Weddell Sea. The regional and methodological consistency of the dataset allows us to quantify variations which are not visible in less homogeneous datasets. The data reveal significant temperature and salinity variations of the Warm Deep Water and the Weddell Sea Bottom Water on a decadal time scale. The longest time series were obtained at the prime meridian. Here warming is observed in the Warm Deep Water from 1992 to 1998 followed by cooling. In the Weddell Sea proper, measurements of instruments moored in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water layer recorded a temperature increase over 6 years at a rate of 0.01 °C a^–1. After the mooring period, CTD casts in 1998 point to a weakening of the trend. The warming trend in the bottom water occurs over most of the Weddell Sea, as detected in the additional CTD surveys. The variations are close to the detection level in the voluminous Weddell Sea Deep Water. The initial warming trend of the Warm Deep Water is consistent with warming trends reported in literature of subsurface waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The reversal of the trend in the Weddell Sea seems to be related to variations of the atmospheric conditions which can affect both the intrusion of Circumpolar Deep Water from the north and the circulation of the Weddell Gyre. Because the Warm Deep Water is the major source water for the formation of deep and bottom water in the Weddell Sea, it is suggested that its increase in temperature and salinity is likely to at least partly cause the variations which were observed in the bottom water.Responsible Editor: Jörg-Olaf Wolff