Transient three‐dimensional‐patterned ripples appear during deformation of a two‐dimensional ripple field under wave‐induced oscillatory flow

Wave‐flume experiments on the process of deformation of pre‐existing two‐dimensional ripples revealed that one of two distinct types of three‐dimensional patterned ripple, the rhombic or the barrel type, emerged in the early stages of the experimental runs. Rhombic‐type ripples were characterized by a staggered pattern of similar‐sized mounds, whereas the barrel‐type ripples had a barrel‐like plan shape arranged in echelons. The former ripples were formed under strongly asymmetrical flow conditions with large excursion distances of water particle motion near the pre‐existing rippled bed, whereas the latter were formed under relatively symmetrical flow conditions with small excursion distances. The emergence of both types of ripples was also highly dependent on sediment grain size. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Steep wave,turbulence, and sediment concentration statistics beneath a breaking wave field and their implications for sediment transport

A new methodology based on wavelet analysis is used to estimate steep wave statistics under depth-limited conditions and the corresponding high concentration sediment statistics. Steep waves here are defined as wave crests within the wavelet transform exceeding a root mean square derived acceleration threshold. The method is applied to laboratory data obtained in a large-scale wave-flume experiment conducted in 2005 at Oregon State University's O. H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory from an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a fiber optic backscatter sensor array above a mobile sand bed. The steep wave and high concentration statistical results for the erosive condition suggest that sand suspensions are intermittent when a wave-breaking timescale (the ratio of breaking wave height and rms wave velocity) is used to detect the concurrence among steep wave, high velocity turbulent fluctuations, and sand concentration events near the bed. More importantly, at 1 cm above the bed, though the accretive case has more steep wave events, the erosive case has more steep waves and concurrent high concentration events, suggesting a more intense breaking wave process near the sensors. The use of a longer time window, based on the dominant wave period in the detection process of steep wave and high concentration events at 1 cm above the bed, does not change the resulting statistics for the erosive condition. However, increased percentages of high concentration events correlated with steep wave and high velocity turbulence events for the accretive condition are obtained. These increased percentages are conjectured to be due to advection of non-local turbulent events and sediment concentration peaks from upstream.     

敦煌莫高窟窟前林带防护效应的风洞实验

洞窟环境包括窟内的温度、湿度、光照、气流等环境因素的适宜程度,对保护洞窟内的壁画和彩塑是十分重要的。洞窟环境不仅因洞窟所处的位置、大小、型制、有无窟门及窟门形式等而异,而且与窟外整个大环境密切相关。不同风况对洞窟内的气流交换起着重要的作用,也是造成石窟壁画彩塑风沙尘粒沉积、崖面风蚀的主要原因。通过风洞模拟实验,从窟前流场、洞窟环流、崖角形状及其受力等几个方面研究了窟前林带的防护效应和崖角防风蚀机理。结果表明：从控制洞窟水汽因素来讲,窟前以通风结构林带最佳,疏透结构林带次之,紧密结构林带欠佳。控制窟前林带灌溉强度,建立多次、少量的窟前林带灌溉制度,同时,在偏东风条件下尽量减少对窟前林带的灌溉,是控制林带生长和底层洞窟侧渗的重要一环。考虑到促进洞窟自然通风的需求,采用一定疏透度的窟门和采取必要的强迫通风,能够较大改善洞窟的自然通风和环境适宜状况。     

光弹颗粒材料的直剪实验研究

对颗粒材料中的力链分布特征的了解,有助于从根本上了解颗粒材料基本性质。借助光弹实验,对两种直径混合的颗粒材料在二维直剪作用下的平均强度力链分布和几何结构变化进行了初步的探索。光弹实验方法是目前能够直观观察到力链分布的唯一有效的实验方法,在进行光弹实验前,设计研制了光弹直剪仪并进行了多次光弹圆盘颗粒材料退火实验。利用数字图像技术对光弹实验结果进行处理,并尝试用彩色梯度算法表征颗粒材料的平均受力情况,并获得平均强度力链。结果表明,二元颗粒材料集合体的几何结构具有各向异性。对力链方向统计分析表明,平均强度力链出现了局部化。     

岩石高速摩擦实验与地震物理过程

简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等.     

电阻率各向异性及在地震研究中的应用

地电阻率各向异性广泛存在地壳中,尤其是浅部.因地震、矿山开采、火山喷发以及大型地质构造运动会明显改变地应力场,从而导致裂隙优势排列及裂隙中充填的流体重新分布,最终导致明显的电阻率各向异性.通过监测其变化,不仅可研究和了解地应力场的动态演化过程,还可以作为预测地震,矿震、火山活动和灾害性地质构造运动的依据,并研究它们形成的物理过程和物理机制.本文从室内、野外实验和数值模拟方面对电阻率各向异性的研究进行了概述,阐述了其在地震监测预报研究中的应用.探讨了室内电阻率各向异性岩石实验研究的发展特点,提出了新手段--电成像技术实验研究岩石电阻率各向异性的思路,期望建立研究电阻率各向异性的阵列式观测系统.     

黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验

以三维斜压动力—悬沙模型ECOMSED联合第三代海浪模型SWAN及Grant-Madsen浪流耦合底边界层模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散的时空变化过程进行了数值模拟。通过5项控制试验,初步揭示了不同动力因子对黄河入海泥沙悬移输送的贡献和影响。研究结果表明,单纯潮流作用下黄河入海悬沙不能形成长距离输送。风海流作用下,绝大部分悬沙直接沉降在黄河三角洲的附近,只有非常小的部分发生长距离输送。风场作用下,黄河入海悬沙主要向北－西北方向输送,部分输往莱州湾的悬沙继续向北输送。环流作用下,悬沙输送具有明显的三维结构,分层结构与环流结构基本一致,而深度平均的悬沙输送通量与环流结构有较大的差别。浪流联合作用下的悬沙浓度变化与底剪切应力都呈现为10天左右的变化周期,表明其变化主要是由风应力所控制。     

Flow-induced vegetation uprooting in a meandering bend:Experimental investigation

Vegetation uprooting is a complex process which depends on many interrelated factors. In this paper,attention is focused on the flow-induced uprooting in river bends, where the flow characteristics vary as effected by the channel’s curvature and its continuous changing in the downstream direction. Results are presented by an experimental work done in a high-amplitude meandering flume with mature herbaceous vegetation on the bed. In the first part of the paper, the variation along the bend of the...     

Formation and erosion of sediment cover in an experimental bedrock‐alluvial channel

Sediment grains in a bedrock‐alluvial river will be deposited within or adjacent to a sediment patch, or as isolated grains on the bedrock surface. Previous analysis of grain geometry has demonstrated that these arrangements produce significant differences in grain entrainment shear stress. However, this analysis neglected potential interactions between the sediment patches, local hydraulics and grain entrainment. We present a series of flume experiments that measure the influence of sediment patches on grain entrainment. The flume had a planar bed with roughness that was much smaller than the diameters of the mobile grains. In each experiment sediment was added either as individual grains or as a single sediment pulse. Flow was then increased until the sediment was entrained. Analysis of the experiments demonstrates that: (1) for individual grains, coarse grains are entrained at a higher discharge than fine grains; (2) once sediment patches are present, the different in entrainment discharge between coarse and fine grains is greatly reduced; (3) the sheltering effect of patches also increases the entrainment discharge of isolated grains; (4) entire sediment patches break‐up and are eroded quickly, rather than through progressive grain‐by‐grain erosion; (5) as discharge increases there is some tendency for patches to become more elongate and flow‐aligned, and more randomly distributed across the bed. One implication of this research is that the critical shear stress in bedrock‐alluvial channels will be a function of the extent of the sediment cover. Another is that the influence of sediment patches equalizes critical shear stresses between different grain sizes and grain locations, meaning that these factors may not need to be accounted for. Further research is needed to quantify interactions between sediment patches, grain entrainment and local hydraulics on rougher bedrock surfaces, and under different types of sediment supply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.