姬塬地区低渗砂岩储层微观非均质性表征

为表征鄂尔多斯盆地低渗储层的微观非均质性,采用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等测试手段,研究姬塬地区低渗砂岩储层微观非均质性特征及影响因素,并结合多参数模糊聚类分析,将储层微观非均质性划分为较弱、中等和较强3类.通过真实砂岩模型水驱油实验,刻画了3类不同非均质程度模型的流体运动及水驱前缘形态的差异性.室内测试分析研究、地质学定量统计分类及真实砂岩模型水驱油实验相结合的综合研究方法,真实反映低渗储层微观非均质性,对同类储层研究具借鉴意义.     

HS-Ⅱ型岩土层含水量自动监测仪的研究与应用

为监测岩土层含水量的变化,预警地质灾害,中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所研制了HS-Ⅱ型自动监测仪.本文介绍监测仪的电容式水分传感技术、构成、原理和施工方法及其应用实验.监测仪对实验区进行的多点分层测试表明,该仪器监测数据可靠,工作正常,符合自动化和实时化的监测技术要求.     

强震作用下山体崩塌破坏有限元分析

基于汶川大地震下,山体边坡发生大规模塌滑等地质灾害的现状,为了深入研究山体在强震动力作用下进入非线性状态并开裂破坏的力学机理,通过理论研究从拉张破裂的角度对山体崩塌机制进行分析,并给出拉张判据。用有限元开发程序对山体边坡在强震动力作用下拉张破坏进行数值模拟,并与振动平台相似材料实验下的监测结果对比分析。表明,强震荷载激励下,岩石第一主（拉）应力极易达到其抗拉强度,则岩体优先发生拉张破裂。在强震动力作用过程中,拉张破裂不断积累,即在松动区的松散程度和松散范围不断增大,形成山体塌滑趋势。揭示了山体边坡从连续介质状态开始崩塌破裂的发生机制,为后续进行复杂的山体破坏力学研究提供依据。     

差异升降运动的物理模拟及其对黄珏南地区构造解释

为研究黄珏南地区阜宁组断裂平面组合及发育顺序,针对断阶带设计了两个系列的物理模拟实验模型。从不同湿度的沙、黏土、沙泥混合物中优选出干黏土作为实验材料,详细记录了实验过程,并做出相应的地质解释。实验结果表明：黄珏南地区阜宁早期在拉张力的作用下形成了东西向的断层,构成了断阶带的基本构造格架,阜宁晚期在拉张力和差异升降运动的...     

煤样自燃性升温程序实验研究

以铜川煤矿煤样为测试样品,利用自主研发的煤层自燃性升温的实验系统,对煤层的自燃过程进行实验模拟。根据实验测试数据对煤温与供气量以及实验过程的指标气体情况进行分析,得出煤层自燃性的临界温度、干裂温度等各个自燃特性。实验结果对煤矿分析和预测煤层自燃的过程具有指导意义。     

Variability of wave-induced ripple migration in wave-flume experiments and its implications for sediment transport

A thorough discussion of results from laboratory experiments with regular waves sheds light on the gap that lies between the sediment transport associated with ripple migration and the performance of a standard bedload transport formula in terms of bed shear concept. It is found that the extent of deviations of the bedload transport formula by Ribberink (1998) from the measured rate of sediment transport associated with ripple migration becomes systematically apparent under conditions of increasing settling time factor Ω_s (= η/(w₀T); η is the ripple height, w₀ the settling velocity and T the wave period). Re-examination of previous two field studies demonstrates a further reinforcement for phase-lag argument addressed in this paper.     

Bacterioplankton responses to iron enrichment during the SAGE experiment

We studied the microbial food web in the upper 100 m of the water column in iron-limited sub-Antarctic HNLC waters south-east of New Zealand in the SAGE experiment in 2004, with focus on bacterioplankton. Samples were collected daily from inside and outside the iron enriched patch. Short term enrichment experiments were conducted on board in 4 L polycarbonate bottles with water outside the iron enriched patch to study single and combined effects of micronutrient additions on microbial food web. Low bacterial growth was recorded in the study area with community turnover times of 50 h or more during the study period. Measurements of bacterial standing stocks and production rates in the study show minor responses to the large scale iron enrichment, with increase in rates and stocks after the first enrichment and at the end of the study period after the third iron enrichment when solar radiation increased and wind mixing decreased. The average daily bacterial production rates were 31.5 and 33.7 mgCm⁻² d⁻¹ for the OUT and IN stations, respectively; thus overall there was not a significant difference between the control and the iron-enriched patch. In the bottle experiments bacterial thymidine incorporation showed responses to single iron and silicic acid enrichments and a major growth response to the combined iron and sucrose enrichments. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a showed clear stimulation by single additions of iron and silicic acid and silicic acid enhanced the iron impact. Cobalt additions had no effect on bacteria growth and a negative effect on phytoplankton growth. Low bacterial in situ growth rates and the enrichment experiments suggest that bacteria are co-limited by iron and carbon, and that bacterial iron uptake is dependent on carbon supply by the food web. With the high iron quota (??mol Fe mol C⁻¹) bacteria may scavenge considerable amounts of the excess iron, and thus influence the relative importance of the microbial food web as a carbon sink.     

The response of phytoplankton to iron enrichment in Sub-Antarctic HNLCLSi waters: Results from the SAGE experiment

Areas of high nutrients and low chlorophyll a comprise nearly a third of the world’s oceans, including the equatorial Pacific, the Southern Ocean and the Sub-Arctic Pacific. The SOLAS Sea-Air Gas Exchange (SAGE) experiment was conducted in late summer, 2004, off the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The objective was to assess the response of phytoplankton in waters with low iron and silicic acid concentrations to iron enrichment. We monitored the quantum yield of photochemistry (F_v/F_m) with pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry, chlorophyll a, primary productivity, and taxonomic composition. Measurements of F_v/F_m indicated that the phytoplankton within the amended patch were relieved from iron stress (F_v/F_m approached 0.65). Although there was no significant difference between IN and OUT stations at points during the experiment, the eventual enhancement in chlorophyll a and primary productivity was twofold by the end of the 15-day patch occupation. However, no change in particulate carbon or nitrogen pools was detected. Enhancement in primary productivity and chlorophyll a were approximately equal for all phytoplankton size classes, resulting in a stable phytoplankton size distribution. Initial seed stocks of diatoms were extremely low, <1% of the assemblage based on HPLC pigment analysis, and did not respond to iron enrichment. The most dominant groups before and after iron enrichment were type 8 haptophytes and prasinophytes that were associated with ∼75% of chlorophyll a. Twofold enhancement of biomass estimated by flow cytometry was detected only in eukaryotic picoplankton, likely prasinophytes, type 8 haptophytes and/or pelagophytes. These results suggest that factors other than iron, such as silicic acid, light or physical disturbance limited the phytoplankton assemblage during the SAGE experiment. Furthermore, these results suggest that additional iron supply to the Sub-Antarctic under similar seasonal conditions and seed stock will most likely favor phytoplankton <2 ??m. This implies that any iron-mediated gain of fixed carbon will most likely be remineralized in shallow water rather than sink and be sequestered in the deep ocean.     

背景误差水平相关结构对四维变分资料同化的影响研究

为考察GRAPES全球四维变分同化（4DVar）的分析增量在谱空间的时间演变特征,分析当同化时间窗起始时刻与终止时刻背景误差水平相关特征明显不一致时对分析与预报造成的影响,对GRAPES全球4DVar的背景误差水平相关采用二阶自回归模型（SOAR）、集合资料同化生成扰动样本估计的水平相关模型以及基于这两者的背景误差谱空间融合模型进行比较。结果表明,SOAR的分析增量在20波以上的天气尺度波动的分析信息明显不足,而将集合资料同化样本所计算的水平相关的功率谱方差与SOAR功率谱方差进行融合,水平相关特征呈现出多尺度水平相关的特点,可以更好地吸纳观测信息,显著改善北半球形势场、温度与风场预报效果,南半球也有改善,对赤道地区的影响中性。表明研究发展的融合水平相关方案合理、实用。      

高性能机载云粒子成像仪研制及应用

机载云粒子成像仪是目前直接观测云中粒子谱分布和形状特征的关键设备,在云物理结构探测、遥感反演验证、数值模式云物理过程改进和人工影响天气等领域具有十分重要的作用。因此,针对现有进口仪器性能和应用方面的不足,开发更高性能的云粒子探测仪器十分必要。通过2011年启动的国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项—机载云粒子谱仪与成像仪研制项目,研制出国产高性能机载云粒子测量系统。经过多年的研制和反复测试,解决和显著改进了激光光束均匀化、弱信号探测、多路并行处理及微粒消衍射等关键技术,从而提高了探测器像元的光功率均匀性和一致性,使光斑区域内平均光功率密度提高约3倍,从而改进了粒子成像能力。采用更高分辨率国产光电线阵探测器,测量响应时间明显缩短,对小云粒子的探测能力明显提高。研制的仪器通过一系列基础参数测试、系统优化、环境适应性实验和累计60多架次的飞行测试。对2018年11月5日进行的两架次对比探测结果的初步分析表明,新研制的云粒子成像仪对小粒子浓度的测量精度较进口仪器提高一个量级左右,测量数据起伏更小,稳定性更高,并且可正确获得更清晰可靠的云粒子形态特征。