日本9.0级和汶川8.0级地震引起云南地区井水温同震响应研究

收集云南地区井水温数字化观测资料,对比分析了2011年3月11日日本9.0级和2008年5月12日汶川8.0级2次地震引起的云南地区井水温同震响应特征。结果表明,不同构造区域的观测井的井水温同震响应存在差异,主要与井孔本身的特征和区域构造环境有关;同一口观测井对不同地震引起的水温响应变化形态基本一致,不受地震方位和震源机制的影响,井水温同震下降或上升响应幅度随震级的增大而增大,随震中距的增大而减小;井水温同震响应的机理主要是在地震波的作用下,观测井孔中的水体受震荡激发而加速对流与掺混导致水温发生变化,当地震波逐渐平息,探头附近的井水温逐步恢复。     

Application of Ultra-shallow Seismic Survey to the Wanggezhuang Fault in Qingdao

At present, there is less theoretical research and practical experience in the aspect of ultra-shallow seismic exploration to the target layers at depths of only tens of meters both at home and abroad. Seismic exploration plays an important role in the location of faults and active structures, but the depth dozens of meters below the ground surface is the blind area of any kind of deep and shallow seismic exploration. Starting from the point of view of detecting urban active faults, and using related theories and methods of geology, geophysics and mathematics, the paper discusses the preconditions for acquiring efficient ultra-shallow seismic survey results in complicated geological backgrounds in Qingdao. Taking the Qingdao area as an example in this paper, we study the depth condition of Quaternary deposits, and apply 4-8 stacking folds to satisfy the requirement to get the exploration results with high-resolution and high-SNR. Preliminary results reveal that selecting a proper surveillance layout is one of the keys to acquire authentic exploration results in ultra-shallow P-wave reflection exploration. Our results also show that ultra-shallow seismic reflection method in detecting faults in the Qingdao area has good application prospects.     

汶川地震滑坡危险性评价——以武都区和文县为例

利用GIS技术详细研究汶川地震在甘肃省陇南市武都区和文县触发的滑坡地质灾害的分布规律及其与地震烈度、地形坡度、断层、高程、地层岩性的相关关系,采用基于GIS的加权信息量模型的崩塌滑坡危险性评价方法,对研究区的地震滑坡危险性进行学科分析。结果表明：极高危险区在高程上主要分布在集水高程区,高度危险区主要沿白水江、白龙江等主干河流两侧极高易发区的边界向两侧扩展,轻度和极轻度危险区面积占比较小,主要分布在低烈度、活动断裂不发育、人类活动微弱的高海拔地区,另外国道G215沿极高危险性区域分布明显;利用危险性等级分区结果统计人口公里格网数据,得到武都区和文县潜在影响人口,发现研究区约78万人将受到地震滑坡灾害的潜在影响。     

流域综合管理方法与技术

流域作为一个具有明确边界的地理单元,流域以水为纽带,将上、中、下游组成一个普遍具有因果联系的复合生态系统,是实现资源和环境管理的最佳单元.流域综合管理已经被认为是实现资源利用和环境保护相协调的最佳途径.然而,由于流域综合管理涉及多学科,多部门,内容非常广泛.近年的流域管理还主要停留在一个目标.本文在流域模拟管理研究及实践的相关经验基础上,系统地讨论了流域综合管理实施方法、关键技术以及主要技术问题.     

A drought outlook study in Korea

Abstract

Techniques are proposed for developing a monthly and weekly drought outlook and the drought outlook components are evaluated. A drought index, the surface water supply index (SWSI) was modified and used for the drought outlook. A water balance model (abcd) was successfully calibrated using a regional regression, including monthly and weekly factors, and was used to convert meteorology to hydrology. For the monthly drought outlook, an ensemble technique was applied, both with and without monthly industrial meteorology information (MIMI). For the weekly drought outlook, a deterministic forecasting technique was applied employing the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS). The methodologies were applied to the Geum River basin in Korea. While only the weekly outlook using the GDAPS has sufficient forecasting capability to suggest it might be useful, the accuracy of the monthly drought outlook is expected to improve as the climate forecast accuracy increases.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor D. Hughes

Citation Kim, Y.-O., Lee, J.-K., and Palmer, R.N., 2012. A drought outlook study in Korea. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1141–1153.     

Improved hybrid iterative optimization method for seismic full waveform inversion

In full waveform inversion (FWI), Hessian information of the misfit function is of vital importance for accelerating the convergence of the inversion; however, it usually is not feasible to directly calculate the Hessian matrix and its inverse. Although the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) or Hessian-free inexact Newton (HFN) methods are able to use approximate Hessian information, the information they collect is limited. The two methods can be interlaced because they are able to provide Hessian information for each other; however, the performance of the hybrid iterative method is dependent on the effective switch between the two methods. We have designed a new scheme to realize the dynamic switch between the two methods based on the decrease ratio (DR) of the misfit function (objective function), and we propose a modified hybrid iterative optimization method. In the new scheme, we compare the DR of the two methods for a given computational cost, and choose the method with a faster DR. Using these steps, the modified method always implements the most efficient method. The results of Marmousi and over thrust model testings indicate that the convergence with our modified method is significantly faster than that in the L-BFGS method with no loss of inversion quality. Moreover, our modified outperforms the enriched method by a little speedup of the convergence. It also exhibits better efficiency than the HFN method.     

破坏性地震应急信息处置研究现状简述

结合地震应急实例,分析了对破坏性地震应急信息处置的认识,并对国内外有关方面的研究现状进行了简要介绍.     

全国自动地震速报系统评估

对全国自动地震速报系统进行了初步的评估. 通过2010年1月1日—2011年12月31日的自动定位结果与全国正式目录的对比, 分别得出了3套自动定位系统总体误差以及全国和全球的误差插值图, 并对结果进行了总结. 同时, 还针对3套自动定位系统的漏报和误报情况进行了分析和讨论. 总体来说, 现阶段自动地震速报系统整体上对于首都圈地区M≥3.0, 国内其它地区M≥4.0(部分台站稀疏的西部地区M≥5.0), 国外M≥7.0的地震基本可以达到全面覆盖的程度, 可以作为正式地震速报的参考, 对于建立“自动报—正式报”的两级地震速报制度能提供有力的技术支撑.     

Something old,something new,something red,something blue*

Abstract

Hydrologists responsible for flood management need real-time data in order to manage imminent or ongoing floods. In this paper, innovative methods for accessing hydrological data and their spatial visualization are introduced. A multitude of relevant real-time, forecast and historical information is provided in a single, self-updating hydrological map information system. The system consists of a central database and a cartographic user interface and provides harmonized and filtered data in the form of interactive, customizable maps. Maps may also be cross-referenced with historical maps or may be animated for improved comprehension and decision making. Emphasis is placed on the development of the hydrological real-time database that manages large amounts of spatial, temporal and attributive data. The paper focuses on the cartographic user interface, its functionality and the resulting interactive hydrological maps.

Citation Lienert, C., Weingartner, R. &; Hurni, L. (2011) An interactive, web-based, real-time hydrological map information system. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(1), 1–16     

长江三角洲NB5孔第四纪地层划分及环境变化信息

长江三角洲北翼NB5孔做了古地磁测试、~(14)C测试及ESR测试结果,对古地磁变化特征进行了总结分析,结合区内其他钻孔的对比,对钻孔第四纪地层划分及所反映的古气候环境进行了探讨。结果表明:46 m处为全新世底界,163 m为中更新世顶部,240 m左右为早更新世顶部,354 m为早更新世底部。其中,海相层有2个,位置在2~47m,125~163 m。分别对应于Ⅰ(Qh)镇江海侵,Ⅲ(Q_p~(3-1))昆山海侵。据晚更新世以后沉积物粒度变粗及磁化率所反映的巨大变化特征,提出中更新世晚期、晚更新世初期为长江主泓流经本区的时间,并认为此或与塑造中国现代地貌的共和运动造成的青藏高原再次强烈隆升有关。