冻融循环作用下边坡地震动稳定性研究

季节冻土区和多年冻土区边坡在经历冻融循环后其力学性质产生较大变化,边坡稳定性随之改变,在地震动荷载作用下存在着巨大的安全隐患.本文基于FLAC数值软件,将考虑冻土相变的显热熔算法引入热学计算模块,并结合静态边界动力计算模块,建立了适用于冻融循环条件下的边坡地震动稳定性分析平台.研究了冻融循环对边坡土体地震动稳定性的影响.结果表明,在发生冻融循环的季节冻土区或多年冻土已经退化的区域,地震动后边坡的塑性破坏形式主要取决于发生冻融循环的活动层的范围.     

Bloom of Hemidiscus hardmannianus (Bacillariophyceae) and Its Impact on Water Quality and Plankton Community Structure in a Mangrove Wetland

An intense monospecies bloom of the centric diatom Hemidiscus hardmannianus (Greville) Mann. (Bacillariophyceae) occurred in the coastal waters of Sundarban mangrove wetland, India on 22 July, 2010. The species was abruptly flourished (mean density 8.86 × 10⁶ cells/L) resulting intense green coloration of water. The greatest impoverishment of diversity and density of phytoplankton, micro‐ and mesozooplankton community was observed during the bloom. The phytoplankton community showed an extreme reduction in diversity (12 species to one) and sharp decrease in standing stock (12.84 × 10³ to 8.86 × 10⁶ cells/L) during this period. The late bloom condition coincided with sudden and huge arrival of a clupoid fish Hilsa ilisha which forms the most potential fisheries in Sundarban deltaic region. An attempt has been made to correlate the satellite remote sensing‐derived information to the bloom conditions. The MODIS‐Aqua derived chlorophyll and TMI satellite derived sea surface temperature and wind speed maps have been interpreted.     

Impact of episodic herbivory by the tamarisk leaf beetle on leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch content: A short communication

Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) has in recent decades come to dominate riparian corridors throughout much of the western U.S. The implementation of biological control, utilizing the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda spp., particularly Diorhabda carinulata), has focused attention and research on this method for Tamarix suppression. Researchers are just beginning to understand how herbivory by Diorhabda affects Tamarix physiology and nutritional dynamics. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether herbivory by D. carinulata altered leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch content, and if so, how such alteration varied across a gradient of herbivory chronosequence. Leaf litter and stem analysis showed significantly higher levels of both nitrogen and stem starch content in trees that had experienced herbivory by the leaf beetle. However, there were no significant differences in nitrogen or stem starch content based on years of beetle herbivory. Higher levels of nitrogen in leaf litter from beetle-affected trees may be a result of herbivory-induced desiccation and foliar mortality prior to the translocation of nitrogen back into plant reserves. Additionally, higher stem starch may be a result of either phloem damage reducing the translocation of photoassimilates, or an increase in the shunting of carbohydrates to the site of new leaf growth. Finally, the lack of correlation between years of herbivory and both leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch may indicate that as of yet there have not been sufficient defoliation events to yield anticipated host plant impact.     

南极普里兹湾碳循环研究进展

普里兹湾是南大洋碳循环研究典型代表海区,也是中国历次南大洋考察的重点调查区域。从初级生产力、营养盐、叶绿素、海-气CO₂通量、真光层颗粒有机碳（POC）输出通量,净群落生产力（NCP）等方面综合阐述了其碳循环特征。生物泵运转效率和海冰过程是碳吸收的主要控制因素。普里兹湾总体上可以从陆坡划界,分为湾内和湾外两大部分。两者碳循环特征差异显著。湾内碳循环过程活跃,是南大洋夏季的高生产力区域。湾外则表现出高营养盐、低叶绿素（HNLC）特征,初步认为存在Fe限制。总体上,溶解有机碳（DOC）、POC、营养盐、叶绿素、二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）等存在从湾内向湾外随纬度递增或递减的规律。海冰消长对碳循环过程影响剧烈。夏季融冰造成的冰藻释放、水体垂直稳定性增加是提高生物生产力的首要原因。总体上普里兹湾的碳循环受各种生物、物理过程及其耦合作用控制,对南大洋碳循环机制研究有重要意义。     

九龙江河口区营养盐分布特征及其影响因素分析

根据2009、2010年"丰水期"和"枯水期"四航次九龙江河口混合区的调查资料,且结合历史资料对营养盐含量及分布特征、周日变化特征进行了统计和相关分析,研究了九龙江流域营养盐输入海洋的变化过程,探讨九龙江河口营养盐伴随潮汐变化,以及河口混合过程中的生物地球化学行为。调查期间溶解无机氮、硅和磷含量的平面分布呈现出由径流冲淡水高值向河口外海端递减的变化趋势;在涨潮时,河口区感潮段高溶解无机氮、硅、磷营养盐的陆源冲淡水与低溶解无机氮、硅、磷营养盐外海水相遇,随着外海水的侵入,外海水的作用逐渐加强,在稀释混合过程中呈现出无机营养盐逐步降低的变化趋势,退潮时则相反;营养盐在这复杂的河口过程中往往表现出在水动力的作用下稀释混合是主要过程,无机氮和活性硅酸盐在河口稀释混合过程中呈现保守性特征,活性磷酸盐在河口转移(补充)过程的行为复杂化,呈现缓冲作用为主。     

Foraging across ecosystems: diet diversity and social foraging spanning aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by an invertebrate

Ecosystems are fundamentally connected to one another, although empirical documentation of the links between them, especially the links between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, has been limited. This study examined the foraging behavior and ecology of an understudied invertebrate, the hermit crab Coenobita compressus, which is remarkably abundant at the nexus of marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems. Data collected between 2008 and 2011 in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica revealed that C. compressus plays a generalist scavenger role across ecosystems. Beach almond fruits (Terminalia catappa) were a staple of the crabs’ diet, but the crabs also commonly consumed a variety of other fruit species and various parts of plants (nuts, seeds, flowers, husk, stems, buds) as well as algae, fungus, animal feces, and the carcasses of insects, jellyfish, conspecifics, other crustacean species, freshwater and saltwater fish, sea turtles (eggs and adults), and mammals. The crabs fed on these resources in prominent social aggregations, also forming such aggregations as they exchanged the aquatically derived gastropod shells that they use as homes while roaming the land. The size of the crabs’ aggregations around plant versus animal resources and around terrestrial versus aquatic resources did not differ, underscoring the species’ generalist foraging behavior. Broadly, these results suggest that C. compressus has one of the most diverse diets of any crustacean and plays a critical role in recycling organic matter and nutrients. This species might also mediate the passage of resources across different ecosystems, although further research is needed to explore this possibility.     

Circuits of scrap: closed loop industrial ecosystems and the geography of US international recyclable material flows 1995–2005

The recycling of scrap material has been identified as an important strategy in the larger theory of industrial ecology. Industrial ecology argues that the traditional model of industrial activity needs to be transformed into a 'closed loop' industrial ecosystem where used materials (scrap) and by-products would substitute for virgin materials during production processes. The recycling of scrap material forms part of this larger effort to reduce the overall environmental impact of production and consumption. A key, but as yet, unresolved question in this process is the geographic scale (local, regional, national, global) at which loop closing should take place. This preliminary empirical research examines the export and import geography of the seven largest (by weight) US scrap commodities (iron and steel, paper, plastics, aluminium, copper, nickel and zinc) between 1995 and 2005 to ascertain the extent to which US scrap flows overseas and how that might affect our understanding of how material loops can close. Other than an integrated export and import relationship with Canada, the results suggest that there are two distinct circuits of scrap flows in the USA. The USA exports a substantial portion of the recyclable scrap generated each year to rapidly developing countries, while importing smaller quantities of scrap from the EU. With the major exception of exporting higher value iron and steel scrap to China, the US tends to export lower value scrap and import higher value scrap. In part this reflects imbalances in the supply and demand for scrap between the USA and the developing world, the lack of potentially available scrap and the absence of a robust recycling infrastructure in the developing world. Although such scrap circuits are probably not ideal, the use of US scrap in the developing world is both a realistic and preferable alternative in the short to medium term than virgin production.     

贵州典型森林植被群落营养元素生物循环空间信息模型构建

将生态过程模型中营养元素生物循环数值模拟、基于过程的植被生产力模型与遥感驱动的光能利用率模型相耦合,构建森林植被营养元素生物循环空间信息模型。模型弥补了营养元素生物循环过程模型中空间分析和参数获取复杂的不足,并在植被生产力光能利用率模型中引入营养元素胁迫的定量表达。将模型模块化,耦合于自主开发的EcoHAT系统(EcoHydrology Assessment Tools),以贵州典型森林群落为研究对象,对群落生产力和营养元素生物循环的关键过程的时空演变模式进行了模拟和研究。运用实验数据进行验证,取得良好的效果,可见模型计算可以较为真实地反映区域营养元素生物循环关键过程的时空格局。