1961-2005年中国霾日气候特征及变化分析

利用1961-2005 年中国霾日统计资料, 对中国霾的时空气候分布特征、变化趋势进行了详细分析, 并探讨了霾变化的可能原因及其与太阳总辐射、日照时数变化的关系。结果表明: 近45 年来, 中国年和四季霾日的空间分布特征均呈现东多西少的空间分布态势, 东部地区集中在三个多发区, 分别为长江中下游、华北和华南; 季节变化, 除东北地区、青藏高原、西北西部四季霾日均很少且变化不明显外, 其余大部分地区均呈现为冬季多, 夏季少, 春秋 季居中的特点。近45 年, 全国平均年霾日数呈现明显的增加趋势, 2004 年为最高值。我国东部大部地区主要呈现增加趋势, 尤其霾多发地区, 如长江中下游、珠江流域及河南西部等 地, 霾日增加幅度大, 趋势显著, 人类活动造成的大气污染物增加及天气气候变化是这些地区霾日呈现增加趋势的可能原因, 我国西部地区和东北大部地区则以减少趋势为主。华北、长江中下游地区、华南地区霾日变化趋势与日照时数变化趋势相反, 霾的增加是造成太阳总 辐射减少的主要原因之一。东北地区、西北地区、西南地区、青藏高原霾日变化和日照时数变化均呈现不明显的减少趋势, 但由于这些地区霾日发生少, 其变化不会对日照时数和太阳总辐射变化造成很大的影响。     

东北冷涡活动的季节内振荡特征及其影响

东北冷涡是造成我国东北地区低温冷害、持续性阴雨和突发性强对流的重要天气系统.利用1979～2009年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和中国气象科学研究院提供的中国区域高分辨率格点降水资料,定义了一个客观描述东北冷涡活动的指数(NECVI),并基于该指数分析了东北冷涡活动的低频特征及其与相关环流和降水的关系.结果表明,东北冷涡活动具有显著的10～30天振荡周期.与东北冷涡活动相关的大气环流的10～30天振荡和我国东部夏季降水异常具有明显的锁相关系,对雨带的位置起着重要的调制作用,在东北冷涡及其相关低频环流由西北向东南的移动过程中,我国东部也经历一次由北至南的降水过程.本文还进一步讨论了东北冷涡的     

中国西部积雪对我国汛期降水的影响

本文利用台站及卫星资料建立了中国西部积雪３０年逐月时间序列。该序列是目前资料时间最长、最好的序列，为研究该区积雪月际和年际变化及其影响提供了较可靠的依据。中国西部冬春积雪对我国汛期降水的影响平均为负相关趋势，与６月降水的相关分布较有规律，冬春多（少），其它地区６月降水偏多（少）。我国西部多（少）雪对６月从份５００ｈＰａ高度的变化是：高原北边高纬高度降低（升高）及副热地区升高（降低），有（不）利于高     

Division of Gas Accumulation System and Laws Controlling Distribution of Natural Gas in Typical Petroliferous Basins of China

Considering the existing problems of the petroleum system, this paper brings forward the concept of natural gas accumulation system and presents the dividing principles. Then detailed statistics on the accumulation factors of the 32 typical natural gas accumulation systems in China and studies on the laws controlling distribution of gas are collected. The research shows that the petroleum accumulation system is the basic unit controlling petroleum generation, migration and accumulation. Generating intensity, generating amount, accumulating efficiency and migration distance plays an important role in the distribution of natural gas. Through analysis on results of resources evaluation, discovered reserves and residual reserves, potential areas in middle-scaled petroliferous basins in China are forecasted in this paper. Ordos, Sichuan, Tarim and Qaidam basins are found out to be the main basins developing and enriching gas accumulation systems.     

中国东北中生代构造体制与区域成矿背景: 来自中生代火山岩组合时空变化的制约

本文系统总结了东北地区中生代火山岩的年代学、岩石组合及其时空分布规律,以便对环太平洋构造体系和蒙古——鄂霍茨克构造体系中生代的演化历史及其东北地区中生代区域成矿背景给出制约。基于火山岩中锆石U——Pb定年结果,东北地区中生代火山作用可划分成六期:晚三叠世(200～228Ma)、早——中侏罗世(173～190Ma)、中——晚侏罗世(158～166Ma)、早白垩世早期(138～145Ma)、早白垩世晚期(106～133Ma)和晚白垩世(88～97Ma)。晚三叠世火山作用主要分布在吉黑东部和小兴安岭——张广才岭地区,前者为A型流纹岩,后者为双峰式火山岩组合,它们共同揭示了古亚洲洋最终闭合后的伸展环境;早——中侏罗世火山岩主要分布在吉黑东部、小兴安岭——张广才岭和额尔古纳地区,吉黑东部和额尔古纳地区早——中侏罗世钙碱性火山岩的存在分别标志着古太平洋板块和蒙古——鄂霍茨克洋板块俯冲作用的发生,而小兴安岭——张广才岭早——中侏罗世火山岩则以双峰式火成岩组合为特征,反映了双向俯冲的弧后伸展环境;中——晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期火山岩主要分布在松辽盆地以西和冀北——辽西地区,前者为碱性——亚碱性的过渡系列,主要由玄武粗安岩、粗安岩和少量粗面岩组成,后者为A型流纹岩或碱性流纹岩组成,这些火山岩形成于加厚陆壳的坍塌或拆沉阶段;早白垩世晚期火山岩广泛分布于东北地区,吉黑东部为钙碱性火山岩组合,而松辽盆地和大兴安岭地区则主要为双峰式火山岩组合,前者标志着古太平洋板块的俯冲,后者与早期加厚陆壳的拆沉和/或类似弧后的伸展环境有关;晚白垩世火山岩主要分布在吉黑东部和陆内,前者为钙碱性火山岩组合,后者为碱性玄武岩,反映了来自东部环太平洋构造体系的俯冲作用。综合上述中生代火山岩的岩石组合及时空分布特征,可以判定:1)环太平洋构造体系对东亚大陆下的俯冲始于早侏罗世,中生代期间存在早侏罗世、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世三次俯冲事件,其影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地及其以东地区,陆缘和古俯冲带是寻找斑岩型矿床的有利场所,而陆内的伸展区域主要与浅成低温热液矿床有关;2)蒙古——鄂霍茨克构造体系经历了中生代早期的俯冲事件和中侏罗世及早白垩世早期两次陆内推覆事件,其影响的空间范围主要在松辽盆地以西地区和华北地块北缘,中生代早期的俯冲事件主要与活动陆缘背景下的斑岩型矿床关系密切,而晚侏罗世和早白垩世两次与加厚陆壳拆沉有关的伸展背景有利于多金属矿床的形成。     

1980年以来我国城市商业区位研究述评

总结了1980年以来我国城市商业区位研究的进展。将我国商业区位研究大致划分为3个阶段,即以商业地理学及城市商业区位为主的宏观研究阶段,以城市商业网点区位及商业活动空间结构为主的中观研究阶段,以大型购物中心、百货店、零售店区位等为主的微观研究阶段,分析了各个阶段对应的研究主要内容与研究方法,对近年来城市商业区位研究新领域:信息化背景下商业区位、轨道交通影响下的商业区位、微区位理论、外资零售企业区位、社区商业布局等进行了概述,总结出我国商业区位研究存在的重实证、轻理论等问题,并对未来商业区位的研究提出几点思路。     

Decoupling of stalagmite-derived Asian summer monsoon records from North Atlantic temperature change during marine oxygen isotope stage 5d

The Asian monsoon is an important component of the global climate system. Seasonal variations in wind, rainfall, and temperature associated with the Asian monsoon systems affect a vast expanse of tropical and subtropical Asia. Speleothem-derived summer monsoon variation in East Asia was previously found to be closely associated with millennial-scale change in temperature in the North Atlantic region between 75 and 10 ka. New evidence recovered from East Asia, however, suggests that the teleconnection between summer monsoon in East Asia and temperature change in the North Atlantic region may have significantly reduced during 120 to ~ 110 ka, a period directly after the full last interglaciation and corresponding roughly to marine oxygen isotope stage 5d. This reduction may be due to the low ice volume in the North Hemisphere at that time, which makes the millennial-scale change in temperature in the North Atlantic region less effective in influencing the Asian summer monsoon. This is important for investigating the mechanisms controlling the Asian summer monsoon and the paleoclimatic teleconnection between East Asia and the North Atlantic region, and for predicting monsoon-associated precipitation in East Asia under a global-warming trend.     

Classification and distribution of Oligocene Aetiocetidae (Mammalia; Cetacea; Mysticeti) from western North America and Japan

Abstract Fossil whales in the very rare, primitive, extinct cetacean family Aetiocetidae are small, relict, toothed mysticetes that persisted into Late Oligocene time after more highly derived baleen-bearing mysticetes had already evolved. No known aetiocetid could be ancestral to baleen-bearing mysticetes, but aetiocetid morphology is in many ways intermediate between archaeocetes and baleen-bearing mysticetes, demonstrating the probable transitional steps passed through in the evolution of baleen-bearing mysticetes. Their discovery indicates that mysticetes evolved from Archaeocetes, and supports theories of the monophyly of Cetacea. Late Oligocene aetiocetids have been found on both sides of the North Pacific Ocean: on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada; in Oregon and Washington, USA; in Baja California Sur, México; and the islands of Kyushu and Hokkaido, Japan. The most primitive North American aetiocetid, Chonecetus sookensis Russell, 1968, is from the early Late Oligocene Hesquiat Formation on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A more derived, Late Oligocene species, Chonecetus goedertorum Barnes and Furusawa, new species, from the Late Oligocene Pysht Formation, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, has the primitive placental mammalian tooth count of 11/11. The type genus of the family, Aetiocetus Emlong, 1966, has as its type species, A. cotylalveus Emlong, 1966, known only from the Late Oligocene Yaquina Formation on the coast of Oregon. It has 11 upper teeth on each side of the rostrum. A more derived species, Aetiocetus weltoni Barnes and Kimura, new species, from a higher stratigraphic level in the Yaquina Formation, has a more posteriorly positioned cranial vertex and a tooth count of 11/12. We describe four new species of aetiocetids in three genera from the Late Oligocene Morawan Formation near Ashoro, Hokkaido, Japan. The most primitive, Ashorocetus eguchii Barnes and Kimura, new genus and species, has a primitive stage of cranial telescoping, and is closely related to Chonecetus Russell, 1968. Another, Morawanocetus yabukii Kimura and Barnes, new genus and species, in some ways intermediate between Chonecetus and Aetiocetus, has a suite of unique derived characters, including a much foreshortened brain case. The third, Aetiocetus tomitai Kimura and Barnes, new species, is the most primitive species of Aetiocetus yet discovered. The fourth, Aetiocetus polydentatus Sawamura, new species, the most derived species of Aetiocetus known, has a highly telescoped cranium, homodonty, polydonty and a dental count of 13–14/14–15. The fossil record now indicates considerable diversity in the family, with several different contemporaneous lineages in three new subfamilies: Chonecetinae, Morawanocetinae and Aetiocetinae. Aetiocetids are not known outside the North Pacific. Many Recent mysticetes are essentially cosmopolitan, and aetiocetids might have also been relatively widely dispersed. We suspect that with time their remains will be found around other ocean basins also. If so, then they may be potentially useful in trans-oceanic geological correlations.     

The lower marine to lower freshwater Molasse transition in the northern Alpine foreland basin (Oligocene; central Switzerland–south Germany): age and geodynamic implications

The Wilhelmine Alpe section near Immenstadt (Allgäu, south Germany), which represents one of the best continuously exposed outcrops within the northern Alpine foreland basin, has been analyzed for magnetostratigraphic and palynostratigraphic signals. The section comprises the marine-to-terrestrial transition from Lower Marine (UMM) to Lower Freshwater Molasse (USM) sediments. Based on the correlation of the local magnetic pattern with the geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS) and palynostratigraphic data, an age of about 31 Ma is suggested for the UMM–USM transition in the Wilhelmine Alpe section. A comparison with coeval magnetostratigraphic sections from central and eastern Switzerland indicates that the regression of the UMM sea along the southern margin of the Molasse basin occurred strongly heterochronously between 31.5 and 30 Ma. The heterochroneity is attributed to the deposition of fan-delta and alluvial fan sediments which document that the overall marine conditions during the UMM were accompanied by strong clastic input derived from the rising Alps. This clastic contribution had a much stronger influence on the depositional pattern than previously thought.     

Permian High Ba-Sr Granitoids: Geochemistry, Age and Tectonic Implications of Erlangshan Pluton, Urad Zhongqi, Inner Mongolia

Abstract: Erlangshan Pluton from Urad Zhongqi, central Inner Mongolia, is located in the middle segment of the northern margin of the North China Plate. The rocks consist mainly of diorites with gneissic structure. Petrochemical characteristics reveal that the diorites belong to metaluminous, high-potassium calc-alkaline series, with chemical signatures of I-type granites. They are characterized by low SiO2 contents (56.63%–58.53%) and A/CNK (0.90–0.96), high Al2O3 contents (17.30%–17.96%) and Na2O/K2O ratios (1.20–1.70), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba=556–915 ppm, Sr=463–595 ppm), and relative depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) in primitive mantle-normalized spidergram, and right-declined rare earth element patterns with slightly negative Eu anomalies (d?Eu=0.72–0.90). They have Sr/Y ratios (20–25) evidently less than Kebu Pluton (49–75) to its east. Sensitive high resolution ion micro-probe U-Pb zircon dating of the diorites has yielded an intrusive age of 270±8?Ma. This leads us to conclude that Erlangshan diorites were formed by mixing between the middle or lower crustal-derived magma and minor mantle-derived mafic magma, followed by fractional crystallization, which was trigged by crustal extension and fault activity in post-collisional setting.