Emissions of marine biogenic sulfur to the atmosphere of northern Europe

Measurements of DMS and other reduced sulfur compounds in surface waters have been carried out from a helicopter in the seas surrounding Scandinavia. Average summer time concentrations of DMS ranged from 70 to 150 ngS L^-1. Simultaneous measurements of biological and physical parameters revealed no correlation between DMS and phytoplankton species, species assemblages, total phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a, temperature, and salinity. The only exception was a correlation between DMS concentration, Chrysochromulina spp. belonging to the Prymnesiophyceae, and salinity over a narrow range of salinity in the Baltic Sea.The flux of reduced sulfur to the atmosphere in July in this region is estimated to be 120–170 gS m^-2 d^-1 from the Baltic, 240–810 in the Kattegat/Skagerrak, and 120–690 in the North Sea. Annual fluxes are roughly 100 times higher than these daily fluxes. On an annual basis, biogenic sulfur emissions from the coastal seas are negligible (<1%) compared to the anthropogenic emissions in northern Europe. However, during the summer months, the biogenic sulfur emissions from the seas surrounding the Scandinavian peninsula are estimated to be as high as 20–70% of the anthropogenic emissions in Scandinavia. This makes it of interest to incorporate the biogenic emissions in calculations of long-range transport and deposition of sulfur within the region.Other volatile sulfur species, mainly methyl mercaptan, contribute about 10% of the total flux of reduced sulfur. Estimated fluxes of CS₂ to the atmosphere ranged from 1 gS m^-2 d^-1 in the Baltic Sea to 6 gS m^-2 d^-1 in the North Sea. No emissions for H₂S or COS were detected.     

Sedimentary environment dynamics and the formation of coal in the Pennsylvanian Variscan foreland in the Ruhr Basin (Germany, Western Europe)

During the Pennsylvanian, formation of coal was a phenomenon that was spread over many continents. It is the aim of this paper to illustrate factors that led to the formation of coal seams in paralic clastic sedimentary environments in the Ruhr Basin (German Variscan foreland) during the Pennsylvanian in terms of sequence stratigraphy and the structural evolution of the basin. Lithostratigraphic sections from exploration wells in the currently explored zone of the coal basin allowed the generation of volumetric lithofacies models, using geostastical methods. These models support the analysis of sedimentary facies and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the successions that are widely correlated throughout the basin. We then evaluate the relation of the sequence stratigraphic elements derived from the facies models with the abundance of coal seams.     

Benford’s Law Applied to Hydrology Data—Results and Relevance to Other Geophysical Data

Benford’s Law gives the expected frequencies of the digits in tabulated data and asserts that the lower digits (1, 2, and 3) are expected to occur more frequently than the higher digits. This study tested whether the law applied to two large earth science data sets. The first test analyzed streamflow statistics and the finding was a close conformity to Benford’s Law. The second test analyzed the sizes of lakes and wetlands, and the finding was that the data did not conform to Benford’s Law. Further analysis showed that the lake and wetland data followed a power law. The expected digit frequencies for data following a power law were derived, and the lake data had a close fit to these expected digit frequencies. The use of Benford’s Law could serve as a quality check for streamflow data subsets, perhaps related to time or geographical area. Also, with the importance of lakes as essential components of the water cycle, either Benford’s Law or the expected digit frequencies of data following a power law could be used as an authenticity and validity check on future databases dealing with water bodies. We give several applications and avenues for future research, including an assessment of whether the digit frequencies of data could be used to derive the power law exponent, and whether the digit frequencies could be used to verify the range over which a power law applies. Our results indicate that data related to water bodies should conform to Benford’s Law and that nonconformity could be indicators of (a) an incomplete data set, (b) the sample not being representative of the population, (c) excessive rounding of the data, (d) data errors, inconsistencies, or anomalies, and/or (e) conformity to a power law with a large exponent.     

Turbulence spectra in the near-neutral surface layer over the Loess Plateau in China

We present the power spectra of wind velocity and the cospectra of momentum and heat fluxes observed for different wind directions over flat terrain and a large valley on the Loess Plateau. The power spectra of longitudinal (u) and lateral (v) wind speeds satisfy the −5/3 power law in the inertial subrange, but do not vary as observed in previous studies within the low frequency range. The u spectrum measured at 32 m height for flow from the valley shows a power deficit at intermediate frequencies, while the v spectrum at 32 m downwind of the valley reaches another peak in the low frequency range at the same frequency as the u spectrum. The corresponding peak wavelength is consistent with the observed length scale of the convective outer layer at the site. The v spectrum for flat terrain shows a spectral gap at mid frequencies while obeying inner layer scaling in its inertial subrange, suggesting two sources of turbulence in the surface layer. All the spectra and cospectra from the valley direction show a height dependency over the three levels.     

漫湾电站农村移民安置及其存在问题分析

漫湾电站规划设计于计划经济时期，兴建于计划经济向市场经济的转轨变型时期，农村移民以农业安置为主，主要安置方式有就地后靠搬迁安置、就地后靠生产安置、外迁安置。移民区存在较多遗留问题，造成的原因主要是：土地限制；对移民的前期补偿不足；开发性移民不够到位；缺乏系统的综合整治措施。要加大扶持，完善措施，尽快解决漫湾电站移民遗留问题；高山峡谷区建大型水电站，移民应该以外迁为主；要开发性移民。     

石河子市生命线工程系统的震害预测(1) --电力工程系统

以系统的观点，基于可靠性理论对石河子市电力工程系统进行了震害预测。通过整体分析与局部评估讨论了电力系统的可靠性；提出未来地震发生后系统的潜在灾害率。     

Comparison of climate model results with European vegetation and permafrost during oxygen isotope stage three

Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS3), an interstade between approximately 60,000 and 25,000 yr B.P., presents an ideal opportunity to compare high-resolution climate simulations with the geologic record. To facilitate this comparison, the results of a mesoscale climate model (RegCM2) embedded in the GENESIS GCM are utilized to drive a vegetation model (BIOME 3.5). The BIOME output is then compared with OIS3 compilations derived from pollen. The simulated biomes agree well with the pollen-based biomes in southern Europe; however, disagreements occur in the northern part of the domain. The most striking mismatch involves the distribution of tundra. The models fail to have tundra extend to its observed position as far south as 50°N in central Europe during OIS3. The model also fails to have permafrost extend southward to its observed position between 50°N and 55°N in western Europe during OIS3. A variety of sensitivity experiments are performed to investigate these mismatches. These experiments demonstrate the importance of annual and summer temperatures and the length of the winter season in creating improved matches between the model results and the inferred distributions of vegetation and permafrost in northern Europe.     

Oxygen isotope stage 3 fluvial and eolian successions in Europe compared with climate model results

Fluvial and eolian successions of oxygen isotope stage 3 are compared with global (GCM) and regional climate (RCM) modeling experiments of the stage 3 and last glacial maximum climate in Europe. Differences in precipitation between stage-3 stades and interstades were minor, which is confirmed by the fluvial successions. The fluvial response to climate variation is non-uniform, and in southern Europe more pronounced than in northern Europe. The model simulations indicate a strong western winter circulation over Europe during stage 3, which is supported by the eolian deposits data. Wind speeds in the last glacial maximum simulation appear modest compared with those of stage 3, which contrasts with the abundance of eolian deposits. This suggests that during glacial climates the stabilizing effect of vegetation determines eolian sedimentation rates, rather than wind speed. Stage 3 can be divided into an older part (>45,000 cal yr B.P.) with a relatively stable landscape and moist climate and a younger part with more frequent climate change and decreasing landscape stability.