An oblique factor analysis solution for the analysis of mixtures

The problems involved in the factor analysis of data consisting of measurements of material quantity or proportion are discussed, and the inability of existing factor analysis solutions to properly model such data is pointed out. A new factor analysis solution using the linear programming technique is presented which properly analyzes mixture data. A numerical example is presented in which a body of suspended sediment grain-size distribution data is analyzed using the new factor analysis solution. FORTRAN-IV subroutines for computing this solution are included in an Appendix.     

Geneticprogrammingforpredictionofearth┐quakesequencetype

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集镇体系与乡村市场网络研究──以山东省滕州市为例

乡村市场网络是乡村市场活动及各种市场流的地域组织形式,本文以滕州市为例研究了乡村市场网络的节点体系、组织结构、市场区域划分与线网体系,探讨了滕州市乡村市场网络基本特征,在此基础上对乡村市场网络的组织优化进行了初步的尝试,并提出了相应的优化建议。     

Multi-Objective Analysis of School District Regionalization Alternatives in Connecticut*

This paper demonstrates the utility of multi-objective programming techniques as an aid in educational planning and the limitations to the achievement of any educational objective given the spatial distribution of existing disparities. A case study of Connecticut is used to examine alternative scenarios for the implementation of interdistrict responses to a number of issues facing the state's public education system. A mixed-integer, goal programming model is formulated where the goal constraints are to minimize disparities in: (1) minority enrollments, (2) grand-list/student ratios, (3) student-teacher ratios, and (4) overall enrollment. Results show that the traditional distance-minimizing or transportation-minimizing objectives are in conflict with all other aims of equity and quality of educational opportunities. The geographic distribution of minority students and grand-list property values also limited the reduction of statewide disparities in these goals.     

中国国家A级GPS网的数据处理和精度评估

中国国家Ａ级ＧＰＳ网共计２７点，均匀分布全国，平均边长约６５０ｋｍ，于９２年７月２５日至８月５日的９天（ＧＰＳ的２０８～２１７天）时间内，在全网同持续进行ＧＰＳ双频观测。全网数据处理时，采用基准钻技术，以国内外已有精密地心坐标和同步ＧＰＳ观测资料的ＧＰＳ基准站为加权控制数据，以ＩＴＲ９１为坐标为框架，采用轨道松驰技术，利用ＧＡＭＩＴ软件进行数据处理，解算精度为单天解基线水平方向重复性是１０ｍｍ＋０     

Mapping groundwater quality in the Netherlands

Maps of 25 groundwater quality variables were obtained by estimating 4 km × 4 km block median concentrations. Estimates were presented as approximate 95% confidence intervals related to four concentration levels mostly obtained from critical levels for human consumption. These maps were based on measurements from 425 monitoring sites of national and provincial groundwater quality monitoring networks. The estimation procedure was based on a stratification by soil type and land use. Within each soil-land use category, measurements were interpolated. Spatial dependence between measurements and regional differences in mean level were taken into account. Stratification turned out to be essential: no or partial stratification (using either soil type or land use) results in essentially different maps. The effect of monitoring network density was studied by leaving out the 173 monitoring sites of the provincial monitoring networks. Important changes in resulting maps were assigned to loss of information on short-distance variation, as well as loss of location-specific information. For 12 variables, maps of changes in groundwater quality were made by spatial interpolation of short-term predictions calculated for each well screen from time series of yearly measurements over 5–7 years, using a simple regression model for variation over time and taking location-specific time-prediction uncertainties into account.

From a policy point of view, the resulting maps can be used either for quantifying diffuse groundwater contamination and location-specific background concentrations (in order to assist local contamination assessment) or for input and validation of policy supporting regional or national groundwater quality models. The maps can be considered as a translation of point information obtained from the monitoring networks into information on spatial units, the size of which is used in regional groundwater models. The maps enable location-specific network optimization. In general, the maps give little reason for reducing the monitoring network density (wide confidence intervals).     

Analysis of broadband seismic noise at the German Regional Seismic Network and search for improved alternative station sites

The German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN) comprizes now 16 digital broadband stations equipped with Wieland-Streckeisen STS-2 seismometers, 24-bit dataloggers and a seismological data center at Erlangen. It covers the whole territory of Germany with station-spacings between 80 km to 240 km. The stations are sited in very different environments ranging from near shore at the Baltic Sea coast up to distances of about 700 km from the coast, both within cities and up to about 10 km away from any major settlement, industry or traffic roads. The underground varies from outcropping hard rocks in Hercynian mountain areas, sedimentary rocks in areas of Mesozoic platform cover to up to 1.5 km unconsolidated Quarternary and Tertiary subsoil. Accordingly, seismic background noise varies in a wide range between the upper and lower bounds of the new global noise model. The noise conditions at the GRSN have been investigated systematically by means of displacement power spectral analysis within the frequency range 10^-2 5 for RUE and > 10 for BSEG have been confirmed for frequencies between about 0.6 Hz 3 Hz. Strong lateral velocity and impedance contrasts between the outcropping Triassic/Permian sedimentary rocks and the surrounding unconsolidated Quarternary/Tertiary sediments are shown to be the main cause for the strong noise reduction and signal-to-noise ratio improvement at RUE and can account for about 50% of the noise reduction at BSEG.     

中国数字地震台网的数据在中国地震学研究中的应用

中国大陆邻近印度、欧亚和太平洋板块的边缘，其特点在于具有复杂的地壳构造和高地震活动性。中美合中国数字地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）运行１０年来，在中国地震学研究中发挥了有效的作用。ＣＤＳＮ作为ＩＲＩＳ全球地震台网的参与伙伴，为全球地震学研究作出了贡献。本文概述了ＣＤＳＮ数据在中国地震学研究中的应用。     

1993年10月26日甘,青交界托来牧场Ms6.0地震前兆异常特征的研究

１９９３年１０月２６日托来６．０级地震发生在甘肃河西前兆台网控制范围之外，本文在研究河西中西部地区前兆台网综合监测能力及总结震例的基础上指出，前兆台项少，持续时间短，空间分散是托来地震前兆异常时空分布的显著特征，并对形成的原因进行了探讨。     

大陆板内塑性流动波与地震迁移（二）

基于大陆岩石圈塑性流动网络和塑性流动波的观念，地震迁移主要表现为塑性流动波控制下地震沿网带的迁移。中东亚网络系统存在着两种以上的塑性流动波，其中与地震中期预测有关的是“十年波”和“百年波”。它们具有不同的起波年份、起波期和波峰带，而各期波的优势传播方向和有效作用范围又有所不同。两种波的波峰带相互叠合形成双重波峰区，其中有“塑性流动－地震”网带经过的区段为地震提供必要的能量背景条件，构成能量背景区。对中国大陆１９７６年震情的检验表明，６．０～７．８级地震共１９次，约有９０％分布在相应震级范围的能量背景区内