Creating adaptive social-ecological fit: The role of regional actors in the governance of Sea-level rise adaptation in San Francisco bay

Sea level rise is one of the most pressing climate adaptation issues around the world. Often, coastal communities are interdependent in their exposure to sea level rise – if one builds a seawall, it will push water to another – and would benefit from a coordinated adaptive response. The literature on social-ecological systems (SES) calls for actors placed at higher levels of governance (e.g. regional government in a metropolitan area) to improve coordination between local managers by serving as brokers. However, we lack empirical insight on how higher-level actors might improve coordination in practice, and theoretical development on the implications of their intermediation. To address these gaps, we study the case of adaptation to sea level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area. We build a social-ecological network of social actors and shoreline segments using original survey data and simulated scenarios of tidal and traffic interdependencies between shoreline segments. We perform a frequency analysis of network motifs that operationalize social-ecological ‘fit’ in the context of the Bay Area. We find that regional actors and non-governmental organizations increase social-ecological fit by providing intermediation between actors who work on different shoreline segments, whether interdependent or not. This shows that these actors provide adaptive social-ecological fit, future-proofing the Bay Area to current and future climate adaptation challenges.     

基于全球闪电定位网的江淮闪电定位网探测效率分析：以台风“利奇马”为例

基于全球闪电定位网(World Wide Lightning Location Network,WWLLN)获取的闪电定位资料对江淮闪电定位网(Jianghuai Area Sferic Array,JASA)在内陆及近海区域的闪电实时探测性能进行评估。通过对2019年第9号超强台风“利奇马”期间产生的闪电活动进行对比分析,发现JASA和WWLLN对台风闪电的径向分布、时间变化和空间变化有较好的一致性,绝大部分闪电发生在云顶亮温小于220 K区域;在台风发展阶段,内核区闪电活动较为频繁,在台风成熟和消亡阶段时,闪电主要分布外雨带,内核区的闪电活动少但集中。在探测效率方面,JASA对江淮区域实时定位到的闪电数远多于WWLLN,相对探测效率和绝对探测效率分别为69.12%和92.51%。而在海洋区域(114～130°E,20～24°N和123～130°E,24～32°N),由于受到JASA站点位置分布的限制,闪电实时定位数略少于WWLLN,其相对探测效率和绝对探测效率分别为32.67%和52.26%。研究结果表明了JASA对内陆及近海区域雷暴具备较强的捕获能力,为实时监测台风期间强对流闪电...     

基于TM30的立式储油罐变形分析

通过对某一大型的石油储油罐进行实地观测,阐述了采用徕卡TM30对大型储油罐进行变形观测的工作原理及简单操作流程。用拟合的方法拟合出基准圆及其他每一圈板的圆心,编程实现观测数据的自动化处理,求解出需要的几何参数,节约了工作成本并提高了效率。最后对油罐的变形程度做出分析和评价。     

Computer Science and Programming Courses in Geography Departments in the United States

Geographic information systems (GIS) are fundamental information technologies. The capabilities and applications of GIS continue to rapidly expand, requiring practitioners to have new skills and competencies, especially in computer science. There is little research, however, about how best to prepare the next generation of GIScientists with adequate computer science skills. This article explores how U.S. geography departments are introducing and developing computer science and programming skills in their geography and GIS degree programs. We review the degree requirements in fifty-five geography departments and discover that forty-four of them offer some kind of GIS programming course. Of the 210 separate degree options identified, however, only 22 require one of these courses for a degree. There is little consistency or emphasis on computer science and programming skills in geography or GIS degrees, despite the immense importance of these components in geography and GIS careers. We propose future research along distinct investigative tracks to build a research-based understanding of the educational interactions among GIS, computer science, programming, and geography.     

跨区域线性文化遗产类旅游资源价值评价——以长安-天山廊道路网中国段为例

跨区域线性文化遗产是一类特殊的旅游资源。基于其特殊性,以其各遗产点的价值评价作为整个遗产的价值评价;借助层次分析法、菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型,通过设定评分标准与评价等级,构建跨区域线性文化遗产旅游资源价值评价模型;实证分析认为提出的方法与模型能较准确地评价资源价值,长安-天山廊道路网中国段各遗产点价值均在优良等级及以上,其中27.3%为五级（特品级）资源,59.1%为四级资源,13.6%为三级资源,在旅游开发中应采取领先开发或重点开发、分区开发及加强遗产点历史文化挖掘与宣传普及等策略。     

江苏省银行网点分布格局及其影响因素研究

以江苏省为研究对象,基于网络平台的银行网点地理数据,运用最近邻指数、Ripley’s K函数以及多元线性回归等分析方法,分别对五大商业银行、农业金融机构、中小商业银行、江苏地方银行以及外资银行的空间分布特征进行探讨,并揭示不同类型银行网点区位选择的影响因素。研究结果：整体上,江苏省银行网点空间偏向分布差异明显“南多北少”,空间集聚特征显著“城区密集分布和外围分散分布”;不同类型银行由于功能和市场定位的不同,除在城区密集分布的共性外,在城市外围区域的分布密度和服务范围存在较大差异。城市建成区面积、人口规模、人均地区生产总值、规模以上工业企业数量、城镇化率、二三产业产值比重是影响银行网点区位选择的主要因素,但对不同类型银行网点分布的影响程度不同。五大商业银行网点分布倾向于人口规模大、城镇化率高的城市,农业金融机构网点更依赖于农业人口因素,中小商业银行网点偏爱二三产业发达的区域,规模以上工业企业数量对江苏地方银行网点的布局具有显著影响,外资银行主要分布在对外开放程度高和国外资本输入较多的城市。城市行政级别和城市性质等制度因素对农业金融机构、外资银行网点区位选择的影响作用较强。     

中国地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的应用前景

简要地介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络的概况和目前的进展,论述了地壳运动观测网络在地球科学研究中的重要作用和应用前景。其应用潜力主要体现在:①在中国地壳运动监测研究中发挥重要作用,成为中国地震预测预报研究的重要基础;②为地球动力学研究提供重要的依据;③建立维持ITRF地球参考框架、研究地球自转、极移和章动及变化;④精化、加密全国大地网和大地水准面;⑤在气象学中的应用;⑥研究电离层电子浓度及其变化规律;⑦提供精密近实时的GPS轨道参数;⑧为广域差分定位奠定基础。     

基于“多规合一”的市级国土空间优化方法——以烟台市为例

针对现阶段各规划边界交叉、空间重叠的问题,本文从提高空间价值、减少空间破碎度和协调各类空间的角度出发,在梳理现有空间优化模型及智能算法的基础上,改进多目标规划模型并适应性改造遗传算法,以此二者构建市级国土空间优化模型。以烟台市为例,设置3种情景为决策者提供方案集进行3类规划主导下的2020年国土空间优化研究,结果显示：①优化后烟台市农业、城镇和生态空间价值分别增加了23.24%、29.27%、6.30%;②不同情景下空间分布合理且较为集中,生态保护情景有利于国土空间集合连片,经济发展情景更适合于多空间协调发展。研究表明：该模型能有效地解决国土空间内容重叠问题,明显提高了国土空间价值,同时优化模型适应性强,为“多规合一”背景下市级国土空间优化提供技术支撑。     

A linear tessellation model to identify spatial pattern in urban street networks

Street patterns reflect the distribution characteristics of a street network and affect the urban structure and human behavior. The recognition of street patterns has been a topic of interest for decades. In this study, a linear tessellation model is proposed to identify the spatial patterns in street networks. The street segments are broken into consecutive linear units with equal length. We define five focal operations using neighborhood analysis to extract the geometric and topological characteristics of each linear unit for the purpose of grid-pattern recognition. These are then classified by Support Vector Machine, and the result is optimized based on Gestalt principles. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is effective for mining grid patterns in a street network.