椒江河口盐淡水混合对口外拦门沙的作用

本文根据1980年洪季和1983年枯季对椒江河口两次9站同步大潮的水文泥沙观测,探讨盐淡水混合对口外拦门沙的作用,观测数据的分析和计算表明,拦门沙年内洪淤枯冲的变化规律与河口“锋面”(全潮净流速为零的面)密切有关,而与近底层“滞流点”的关系不大。经拦门沙断面量测,证实了分析结果与实际量测情况基本相符。     

科尔沁沙地自然恢复沙质草地生态系统碳通量特征

以科尔沁沙地围封后自然恢复的沙质草地生态系统为研究对象,基于全年运行的涡动相关系统,观测分析了2017年该生态系统净CO2通量(NEE)在不同时间尺度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)日尺度上,NEE呈“单峰型”,其中生长季(5-9月)出现明显的吸收峰,而非生长季(10月至次年4月)出现明显的排放峰;季节尺度上,NEE表现为吸收峰值和释放峰值交替出现,生长季为碳汇(净吸收202.11 g·m^-2),非生长季为碳源(净释放298.13 g·m^-2);全年尺度上,NEE表现为碳源(净释放96.02 g·m^-2·a^-1)。(2)NEE在生长季与温度(空气温度和土壤温度)呈显著(P<0.01)线性负相关关系,而在非生长季反之;NEE与土壤含水量在生长季和非生长季均呈显著(P<0.01)线性正相关关系;温度和土壤含水量的协同作用对NEE亦有重要影响。     

Lithofacies modeling by multipoint statistics and economic evaluation by NPV volume for the early Cretaceous Wabiskaw Member in Athabasca oilsands area,Canada

The static modeling and dynamic simulation are essential and critical processes in petroleum exploration and development. In this study, lithofacies models for Wabiskaw Member in Athabasca, Canada are generated by multipoint statistics(MPS) and then compared with the models built by sequential indicator simulation(SIS). Three training images(Tls) are selected from modern depositional environments;the Orinoco River Delta estuary, Cobequid bay-Salmon River estuary, and Danube River delta environment. In order to validate lithofacies models, average and variance of similarity in lithofacies are calculated through random and zonal blind-well tests.In random six-blind-well test, similarity average of MPS models is higher than that of SIS model. The Salmon MPS model closely resembles facies pattern of Wabiskaw Member in subsurface. Zonal blind-well tests show that successful lithofacies modeling for transitional depositional setting requires additional or proper zonation information on horizontal variation, vertical proportion, and secondary data.As Wabiskaw Member is frontier oilsands lease, it is impossible to evaluate the economics from production data or dynamic simulation. In this study, a dynamic steam assisted gravity drainage(SAGD)performance indicator(SPIDER) on the basis of reservoir characteristics is calculated to build 3 D reservoir model for the evaluation of the SAGD feasibility in Wabiskaw Member. SPIDER depends on reservoir properties, economic limit of steam-oil ratio, and bitumen price. Reservoir properties like porosity,permeability, and water saturation are measured from 13 cores and calculated from 201 well-logs. Three dimensional volumes of reservoir properties are constructed mostly based on relationships among properties. Finally, net present value(NPV) volume can be built by equation relating NPV and SPIDER. The economic area exceeding criterion of US$ 10,000 is identified, and the ranges of reservoir properties are estimated. NPV-volume-generation workflow from reservoir parameter to static model provides costand time-effective method to evaluate the oilsands SAGD project.     

Reconstructing pre-agricultural expansion vegetation cover of Ethiopia

Landscape reconstructions can be used to define a reference condition from which to assess the magnitude of land changes caused by human influence. Since the beginning of the last century, the population of Ethiopia has increased drastically with large effects on the natural vegetation and biodiversity. However, the original land cover patterns in Ethiopia have not been precisely mapped, which hinder the identification of the biophysical and socio-economic factors that contributed to the current landscape patterns. The objective of this study was to reconstruct the past century vegetation landscapes of Ethiopia (i.e. vegetation cover before agricultural expansion) and identify which ecosystems have been most affected by land changes. First, the net primary productivity (NPP) was modelled based on the climatic constraints of natural vegetation growth (water availability, solar radiation and minimum temperature) derived from remote sensing and climate data. This analysis showed that water availability is the most critical constraint for vegetation growth for all regions and land cover types in Ethiopia. Then, the past vegetation was mapped based on predicted NPP. Our results show that i) the extent of broadleaved evergreen or semi-deciduous forest, open broadleaved deciduous forest, closed to open shrubland, mosaic forest-shrubland/grassland, sparse vegetation and grassland was 18.8%, 12.4%, 20.6%, 31.5%, and 16.8%, respectively, and ii) current agricultural landscapes were previously covered mainly by broadleaved evergreen and deciduous forest, which encompassed 38.9%. The least affected by agricultural expansion were sparse vegetation and grassland. Our study provides novel insights on pre-agricultural expansion landscapes in Ethiopia with critical information for scientists and other stakeholders working on the restoration and rehabilitation of degraded areas.     

Marine species mortality in derelict fishing nets in Puget Sound, WA and the cost/benefits of derelict net removal

Derelict fishing gear persists for decades and impacts marine species and underwater habitats. Agencies and organizations are removing significant amounts of derelict gear from marine waters in the United States. Using data collected from repeated survey dives on derelict gillnets in Puget Sound, Washington, we estimated the daily catch rate of a given derelict gillnet, and developed a model to predict expected total mortality caused by a given net based on entanglement data collected upon its removal. We also generated a cost:benefit ratio for derelict gear removal utilizing known true costs compared to known market values of the resources benefiting from derelict gear removal. For one study net, we calculated 4368 crab entangled during the impact lifetime of the net, at a loss of $19,656 of Dungeness crab to the commercial fishery, compared to $1358 in costs to remove a given gillnet, yielding a cost:benefit ratio of 1:14.5.     

藏北一次局地爆发性浓雾特征与成因分析

利用那曲市色尼区常规气象观测资料,结合NCEP（1°×1°）、Era5（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料,从天气学角度对2019年4月10日藏北一次浓雾天气的形成机制、物理结构特征以及局地性爆发的成因进行诊断分析。结果表明：此次浓雾具有局地爆发性特征;前期积雪融化的水汽蒸发配合风场辐合作用,为此次大雾的形成提供了水汽条件;500 hPa环流背景及边界层内上层暖平流与下层冷平流配置,为大雾的形成提供了弱风与稳定层结条件,从而雾得以发展且维持;夜间少云,地表净辐射加强,降温冷却作用导致水汽达到饱和状态,利于水汽凝结形成无数悬浮于空气里的小雾滴;近地层风速小、逆温及下沉运动使水汽不易向高空扩散,在相对有限的空间内水汽大量汇聚,导致大雾爆发性发展;大雾的局地性与特殊地形关系密切。     

基于ArcXML的WebGIS构架设计与应用分析

ArcIMS体系结构主要包括客户端和服务器端两部分,ArcXML是与空间服务器通讯的标准语言,当客户端向运行在ArcIMS空间服务器上的地图服务发请求时,请求的信息就是采用ArcXML描述的．空间服务器根据请求的内容做出相应的反应,并将反应信息以ArcXML描述的格式返回给客户端。因此,ArcXML在ArcIMS软件中起到通信语言的作用。但是,ArcIMS软件在生成ArcXML请求信息并解析返回应答信息方面存在着不足,为此,本文提出采用MVC(Module-View-Control)的设计模式,探讨一种基于Microsoft Asp．Net开发环境的WebGIS组件,该组件能够自动生成ArcXML请求信息和解析返回的应答信息,该控件将MVC设计模式、Microsoft Asp．Net和ArcIMS三者的优点集成在一起。通过使用该控件,可以简化ArcIMS二次开发,为程序开发人员构建自己的WebGIS系统节省时间。     

内蒙古月牙山蛇绿岩特征及形成的构造背景:地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素制约

内蒙古白云山－月牙山－洗肠井蛇绿岩（简称月牙山蛇绿岩）发育较完整,推覆构造也很发育。其变质橄榄 岩、方辉橄榄岩强烈亏损ＴｉＯ_２,辉绿岩ＴｉＯ_２也较低,而稀土元素分布模式为平缓型。斜长花岗岩类亏损高场强元素 （ＨＦＳＥ）和重稀土元素,富集大离子亲石元素（ＬＩＬＥ）,一个石英问长岩样品（Ｙ１０）具有高Ｓｉ、高Ｍｇ、低Ｔｉ的玻镁安山 岩特征。Ｎｄ同位素特征表明,辉绿岩和石英闪长岩具有高而均一的正ε_（Ｎｄ）（ ｔ）值（＋ ６． ４～＋ ７． ９）,说明辉绿岩和石英 问长岩来自同一亏损地幔所产生的岩浆,没有遭受明显的陆壳混染,但受过由俯冲洋壳释放出的流体的交代,花岗 质岩石是其衍生物。参考等时线年龄（４７０ Ｍａ）与地层古生物证据相符。蛇绿岩的（~（８７）Ｓｒ／~（８６）Ｓｒ）;值变化较大,具海水蚀变特征。岩石、地层、地球化学和Ｓｒ－Ｎｄ同位素综合制约表明,该蛇绿岩形成于塔里木北缘多岛弧弧间盆地的初期扩张阶段,属Ｐｅａｒｃｅ提出的ＳＳＺ型蛇绿岩。