机载LiDAR旁向重叠区域冗余数据的消除算法

本文基于点云格网化的思想,提出了一种去除机载LiDAR航带间旁向重叠区域冗余数据的算法。该算法使用规则方格表示点云覆盖的区域,通过给网格赋值的方式提取重叠区域的冗余点云,最后删除靠近条带边缘的冗余点云。经过实验测试,该方法能够快速有效地去除重叠区的冗余数据;无需依赖航迹信息,因此也适用于地面激光点云的消冗。     

Exploring space-time models for West Nile virus mosquito abundance data

This paper explores variant space-time models for log-transformed West Nile virus (WNv) mosquito data, which explicitly account for both local environmental conditions and complex dependent structures. Four space-time models take various forms to accommodate correlated structure in space and time, nested data, and nonstationarity. The average WNv mosquito abundance is captured by a global trend across all four models, but different model assumptions are imposed on the stochastic component of the proposed models: a simple multivariate linear regression model with independent and identical errors, a site-specific linear mixed model with temporally correlated errors, a week-specific linear mixed model with spatially correlated errors, and a local space-time kriging model. In a case study, the predictive performance of the four models was assessed using data collected in 2007 and 2008 for the Greater Toronto Area by the mosquito surveillance program of Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care: the local space-time kriging model outperforms others, but closely followed by a site-specific linear mixed model with temporal correlation. Our findings suggest that the predictive accuracy of space-time WNv mosquito abundance models can be enhanced by explicitly taking into account spatiotemporal correlation, nonstationarity, and the data collection procedure, such as surveillance design, based on sound understanding of mosquito behavior and population dynamics.     

基于波前面三角形网格剖分的波前重建法三维射线追踪

在许多地震反演和偏移成像方法中,都要涉及到射线路径和旅行时的计算.本文将波前面三角形网格剖分和三维波前重建法射线追踪技术结合使用,实现了射线路径和旅行时的准确快速计算.三维波前重建法射线追踪过程中可以保证稳定合理的射线密度,克服了常规射线追踪方法存在阴影区的问题.波前面三角形网格剖分在描述和拆分波前面时更加准确有效,而且不需太多的网格数目,从而提高了射线追踪的精度和效率.该方法在三维复杂构造成像方面有独特的优势,目前在实际的Kirchhoff 偏移中的已经有相关应用.     

北京地区雷电灾害风险评估方法与应用

首先选用北京地区1961—2008年的气候站点资料分析闪电活动的气候背景特征,用2007—2008年的闪电定位资料统计各评估网格单元的地闪密度,得到北京地区网格化地闪密度分布,评估网格单元大小为1km×1km。研究发现北京地区平均地闪密度大致在1.6～2.4次·km^-2·a^-1之间,有三处地闪密度的高值分布区,分别是西南部房山的拒马河流域地区,北京城中心偏北—昌平—顺义一带以及平谷一密云一带。借助空间网格技术,根据下垫面承灾体的雷电防护及规避特征,将评估区域划分成建筑物、室外建筑物遮挡部分及空旷地带三种空间类型。然后依据不同空间类型区域的地闪密度、闪电有效截收面积、雷电防护能力和位置参数等因素,分别核算评估网格单元内的雷击危险事件次数,作为雷电灾害风险评估的主要致灾因子指标。最后以人作为雷电灾害的首要承灾体,按"风险=雷击危险事件次数×暴露人口"的概念模型方法,测算北京地区雷电灾害风险指数。风险评估结果认为北京城市地区由于人口及经济实体密集分布,雷电灾害风险普遍较高,城市地区的雷电灾害风险具可规避性;农村及城市远近郊区,人口稀少,尽管闪电活动会比城市地区活跃,雷电灾害风险不是太高。     

基于WRF模式对青藏高原一次强降水的模拟

为了了解新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF中各参数化方案组合、嵌套技术的使用对青藏高原降水模拟结果的影响,利用WRF模式对2004年10月5—6日青藏高原一次强降水过程进行了模拟试验;对各微物理方案和积云参数化方案组合进行了模拟和对比评分,对嵌套技术的使用进行了对比分析,主要分析了不同行星边界层方案选择对降水模拟的影响。结果表明,WRF模式基本能够重建此次强降水过程的中心、强度及降水范围,Eta-Ferrier云微物理方案和Betts-Miller-Janjic积云参数化方案的组合在此次模拟降水过程中是最优的,采用嵌套技术的模拟结果要优于不采用嵌套技术的结果;行星边界层方案的合理选择能够明显提高降水模拟的效果。     

数字网格摄影测量法及其在滑坡模型试验中的应用

综合考虑自动网格法和摄影测量技术各自的优缺点,提出了数字网格摄影测量法。介绍了该方法的原理与步骤,并将其应用到室内某滑坡模型试验的位移测试中。试验证明：数字网格摄影测量法可以快速、准确对模型体观测点位移进行量测,精度达到次毫米级,是一种比较理想的滑坡模型位移测试方法。     

兰州城区冬季大气污染物日变化的数值模拟

应用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(NAQPMS),模拟研究了兰州市2006年12月大气污染的日变化特征及其影响因素。在复杂地形条件下,兰州城区冬季大气污染日变化呈现白天高、夜晚低、峰值在中午的特点,NAQPMS较为合理地再现了这一特征。分析表明,在兰州冬季低风速的情况下,逆温出现频次的日变化特征与污染的日变化特征保持一致,说明逆温在冬季大气污染日变化中的作用显著。     

Theory of equivalent staggered‐grid schemes: application to rotated and standard grids in anisotropic media

The previous finite‐difference numerical schemes designed for direct application to second‐order elastic wave equations in terms of displacement components are strongly dependent on Poisson's ratio. This fact makes theses schemes useless for modelling in offshore regions or even in onshore regions where there is a high Poisson's ratio material. As is well known, the use of staggered‐grid formulations solves this drawback. The most common staggered‐grid algorithms apply central‐difference operators to the first‐order velocity–stress wave equations. They have been one of the most successfully applied numerical algorithms for seismic modelling, although these schemes require more computational memory than those mentioned based on second‐order wave equations. The goal of the present paper is to develop a general theory that enables one to formulate equivalent staggered‐grid schemes for direct application to hyperbolic second‐order wave equations. All the theory necessary to formulate these schemes is presented in detail, including issues regarding source application, providing a general method to construct staggered‐grid formulations to a wide range of cases. Afterwards, the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is applied to anisotropic elastic wave equations in terms of only velocity components (or similar displacements) for two important cases: general anisotropic media and vertical transverse isotropy media using, respectively, the rotated and the standard staggered‐grid configurations. For sake of simplicity, we present the schemes in terms of velocities in the second‐ and fourth‐order spatial approximations, with second‐order approximation in time for 2D media. However, the theory developed is general and can be applied to any set of second‐order equations (in terms of only displacement, velocity, or even stress components), using any staggered‐grid configuration with any spatial approximation order in 2D or 3D cases. Some of these equivalent staggered‐grid schemes require less computer memory than the corresponding standard staggered‐grid formulation, although the programming is more evolved. As will be shown in theory and practice, with numerical examples, the equivalent staggered‐grid schemes produce results equivalent to corresponding standard staggered‐grid schemes with computational advantages. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is general and can be applied to other modelling contexts, e.g., in electrodynamical and poroelastic wave propagation problems in a systematic and simple way.     

格网化资源环境综合科学调查的若干问题思考

资源环境综合科学调查,是获取反映区域自然基础和社会发展情况的科学数据和资料的重要手段。中国幅员辽阔、地理国情复杂且数据资料积累薄弱,因此,我国重视并长期发展资源环境综合科学调查。然而,由于不同时期、不同区域开展的综合科学调查,在时空尺度、调查内容、技术规范等方面存在很大差异,尽管资料获取越来越多,但仍难以集成利用,缺少对我国总体资源环境的认识。能否以格网化的思路来获取和管理考察资料,能否有适宜于资源环境调查的标准规范,来集成历史资料并指导未来的动态监测,能否建成一个中观尺度的长期资源环境调查系统?针对这些问题,结合当前正在实施的格网化资源环境综合科学调查规范项目的实践,提出以下一些思考,包括：资源环境调查格网体系、格网的剖分与编码、资源环境调查标准规范、资源环境调查适宜尺度、属性数据格网化、格网化数据获取与管理、资源环境数据共享与应用。     

鄱阳湖二维水动力和水质耦合数值模拟

针对大型通江湖泊水位变化剧烈,地形起伏多变,岸线复杂,湖泊内部窄小洪道与大面洲滩和洼地连接复杂,湖泊洲滩出露、淹没频繁交替等湖泊水情和地貌特征,基于二维浅水方程和对流扩散方程组构建了鄱阳湖二维水动力和水质耦合模拟模型.模型采用非结构网格有限体积法进行离散,以HLLC算法计算单元界面的水量、动量和物质输运通量.水陆边界通...