Seepage measurements from Long Lake,Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

 Long Lake, located near Lake Michigan within the dune-complexes of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, USA, was formed some time during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. A surficial aquifer underlies Long Lake, which is either a source or sink for the later. The hydrologic processes in the lakeshore and surrounding environs have been significantly altered during the agricultural, municipal, and industrial development of the region. Limited data suggest that the organisms of Long Lake have elevated levels of several contaminants. This study attempts to quantify seepage within the lake to assess the potential threat to groundwater quality. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests were used to determine seepage within the lake. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests suggest that water seeps out of Long Lake, thus recharging the groundwater that flows southwest away from the lake. There is a great deal of variability in the seepage rate, with a mean of 11.5×10^–4±11.2×10^–4 m d^–1. The mean seepage rate of 0.3 m yr^–1 for Long Lake is greater than the 0.2 m yr^–1 recharge rate estimated for the drainage basin area. The Long Lake recharge volume of 2.5×10⁵ m³ yr^–1 is approximately 22% of the volume of the lake and is significant when compared to the total surface recharge volume of 4.8×10⁵ m³ yr^–1 to the upper aquifer of the drainage area. There is a potential for contamination of the groundwater system through seepage from the lake from contaminants derived from aerial depositions. Received: 16 August 1995 · Accepted: 18 September 1995     

冰川目录数据库

全文以中国冰川目录中的45000余条冰川,按山区,河流以及每条冰川的25项要素指标,储存在建立的“冰川目录数据库”中,为冰川目录的增加、删除、修改、更新和统计打印等提供了现代化手段。并详细介绍了冰川目录数据库的建立,基本结构和管理系统的使用。     

土地利用/覆盖变化对地表蚀积过程的影响——来自137Cs示踪的证据

 土地利用/覆盖变化不仅影响地表137Cs总量的再分配，而且显著影响土壤137Cs剖面分布。坝上地区各类土地利用/覆盖条件下137Cs总量的再分配，显示该区总体处于风蚀环境，其中农田和撂荒地是风蚀最严重的土地利用类型；137Cs剖面分布则指示了土地利用/覆盖变化过程中的土壤风蚀/堆积过程的转换，蚀积过程的转换证实了风蚀重灾区退耕还林还草，特别是退耕还草，对控制土壤风蚀、改善生态环境的重要意义。分析还认为，利用137Cs示踪方法计算土壤风蚀/堆积速率时，应格外注意样地的土地利用/覆盖变化过程。     

Aerial survey for archaeology

Aerial photography for archaeology has been developing its approaches and techniques over the past 100 years so that it now integrates the results of reconnaissance with extensive interpretative and analytical surveys. This paper introduces the philosophy and approach of the English Heritage (EH) Aerial Survey team, covering aerial reconnaissance and the National Mapping Programme (NMP), as well as the potential developments and opportunities in Europe. In the 1980s there was a debate over the nature of the evidence derived from aerial photographs, especially how to describe archaeological features. As part of NMP a classification and recording system has been devised which meets most of the users' needs, be they national organisations, county archaeologists, commercial contractors or university-based researchers. The maps and records produced by NMP are used to further our understanding of the past human settlement in England, not only at the individual site level, but also in regional or landscape contexts. This paper provides an overview of the current progress of NMP and acts as an entrée for explaining the current research and recording of archaeological landscapes throughout Europe. Recent developments in Britain and Europe have provided the opportunity for a greater priority to be given to aerial survey and accelerating programmes of mapping. In Europe the ending of the cold war has allowed greater access to aerial photographs and the possibility of beginning new reconnaissance, as well as introducing new forms of remote sensing. All these developments have led to a transformation of our understanding of prehistoric, Roman and medieval archaeology.     

The EU as a frontrunner on greenhouse gas emissions trading: how did it happen and will the EU succeed?

The objective of this paper is first to provide empirical evidence of what can be seen as a rather remarkable change in EU’s position on the use of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading (ET) in climate policy, from the role of a sceptic in the run-up to Kyoto towards more of a frontrunner. The paper argues that there is a synergistic and multilevel mix of explanatory factors for this “U-turn”, including developments at the international, EU, Member State, sub-national, and even down to the personal level. Second, the paper explores and discusses the philosophy behind the Commission’s proposal for a directive on GHG ET. Third, the paper examines the prospects for ‘success’ of a scheme for EU-wide ET using a multifaceted set of metrics. In brief, we argue that output success—the chances for having a directive adopted—hinges on the resolution of two key issues. First, whether the preliminary phase is to be mandatory or voluntary, and second, incompatibilities with domestic ET schemes. Outcome success—steering and cost-effectiveness—will in turn depend on factors like the coverage of the scheme and inclusion of project-based credits, while more long-term political implications hinges on the successful adoption and operation of the scheme.

“The Proposal on emissions trading represents a major innovation for environmental policy in Europe. We are de facto creating a big new market, and we are determined to use market forces to achieve our climate objectives in the most cost-conscious way […]. The emissions trading system will be an important cornerstone in our strategy to reduce emissions in the most cost-effective way”.

Environment Commissioner Margot Wallström.     

Landslide events on the West Coast, South Island, 1867–2002

Abstract: A new landslide event inventory based on a literature search has been compiled for the West Coast of New Zealand. Rainfall has been identified as the most frequent reported landslide generating mechanism by far, followed by other/unknown means, then earthquakes. Small‐magnitude, high‐frequency, rainfall‐induced events have historically caused the most damage to property and infrastructure, with many of the region's highways and settlements being repeatedly affected by landslides. Since 1874, landslides have caused at least 36 fatalities in the region. More historical research is needed to fill chronological and geographical gaps in the record, and to complement scientific research. Such information is useful for hazard planning purposes.     

Lipid biomarkers and carbon-isotopes of modern travertine deposits (Yellowstone National Park, USA): Implications for biogeochemical dynamics in hot-spring systems

Lipid biomarkers and ¹³C fractionation patterns were used to understand the dynamics of carbon cycling during microbial metabolisms in different environments of travertine precipitation (called facies) at Spring AT-1 on Angel Terrace in the Mammoth Hot Springs complex of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Microbial mats that encrust travertine deposits were collected for analyses of lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopes along the continuous drainage outflow system of Spring AT-1. The spring water exhibits a continuous temperature drop from 71°C in the vent at top to 24°C in the distal slope at bottom. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and glycolipid fatty acids (GLFA) exhibit distinctly different compositions in each of the facies, which are consistent with partitioning of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in the Spring AT-1 travertine facies (Fouke et al., 2003).The δ¹³C composition of total biomass within the microbial mats decreases from −16.1‰ in the vent to −23.5‰ in the distal slope. However, lower values occur in the pond (−26.0‰) and the proximal slope (−28.0‰) between the vent and the distal slope. Isotopic compositions of PLFA and GLFA have variations similar to those of total biomass. The average δ¹³C values of PLFA are −12.4 ± 5.2‰ (n = 10 individual fatty acids, same below) in the vent, −33.0 ± 3.1‰ (n = 11) in the pond, −33.7 ± 3.8‰ (n = 16) in the proximal slope, and −22.4 ± 3.4‰ (n = 10) in the distal slope; the average δ¹³C values of GLFA are −19.6 ± 3.0‰ (n = 3) in the vent, −30.4 ± 4.7‰ (n = 8) in the pond, −36.9 ± 2.8‰ (n = 12) in the proximal slope, and −27.9 ± 3.1‰ (n = 13) in the distal slope. In particular, fatty acids in the vent are enriched in ¹³C relative to the total biomass, which is consistent with the notion that the biosynthetic pathways of the extant microbial community in the vent may be dominated by Aquificales using the reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle. Fractionations between fatty acids and total biomass in the pond, the proximal slope and the distal slope suggest the involvement of other biosynthetic pathways for CO₂ fixation by extant microbial populations. The results indicate that lipid biomarkers provide valuable information on the changing diversity and activity of microbial communities in different depositional environments. Carbon-isotope fractionations, on the other hand, can provide insight into the operating biosynthetic pathways associated with different organisms in the changing environment. This integrated approach may serve as a powerful tool for identifying functional metabolism within a community and identify shifts in microbial community structure in modern hot-spring systems.     

信息高速公路与地理信息系统──综述地理科学的信息革命

国家信息基础设施(NII)是一个能为全球广大用户提供大量信息及信息服务的计算机网络系统,其雏形Internet已连接了全球150多个国家和地区,并提供了诸如新闻广告、电子邮件、远程对话等一系列服务.中国也已经以“金桥工程”为起步开始实施中国国家信息基础设施计划.国家空间数据基础设施作为其组成部分之一,其核心是WebGIS的建设以及地理空间数据的标准与规范化.同时信息高速公路建设为GIS的发展也创造了新的条件,促进了WebGIS等的发展,改变了GIS集成方式,拓宽了GIS应用领域,并将推动地理科学的信息革命.     

洪河保护区湿地生态需水量研究

以洪河保护区为例 ,按照湿地生态系统的结构和功能 ,把生态需水量划分为 4种类型 :湿地植被需水量、湿地土壤需水量、生物栖息地需水量、补给地下水需水量 ,分别确定了需水量的级别和相应的指标。根据公式 ,计算了保护区各级别的生态需水量。结果表明 ,洪河保护区湿地最小生态需水量为 1 .4 8× 1 0 8m3 ～ 1 .99× 1 0 8m3 ,最适宜生态需水量为 1 .99× 1 0 8m3 ～ 2 .9× 1 0 8m3 ,最大生态需水量为 3.72× 1 0 8m3 ～ 4 .5 2× 1 0 8m3 。