Biosorption of Heavy Metals in Leachate Derived from Gold Mine Tailings Using Aspergillus fumigatus

Leachate derived from bioleaching process contains high amount of metals that must be removed before discharging the water. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from a gold mine tailings and its ability to remove of As, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn from aqueous solutions and leachate of bioleaching processes was assessed. Batch sorption experiments were carried out to characterize the capability of fungal biomass (FB) and iron coated fungal biomass (ICFB) to remove metal ions in single and multi‐solute systems. The maximum sorption capacity of FB for As(III), As(V), Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were 11.2, 8.57, 94.33, 53.47, 43.66, and 70.4 mg/g, respectively, at pH 6. For ICFB, these values were 88.5, 81.3, 98.03, 66.2, 50.25, and 74.07 mg/g. Results showed that only ICFB was found to be more effective in removing metal ions from the leachate. The amount of adsorbed metals from the leachate was 2.88, 21.20, 1.91, 0.1, and 0.08 mg/g for As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb, respectively. The FT‐IR analysis showed involvement of the functional groups of the FB in the metal ions sorption. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that surface morphological changed following metal ions adsorption. The study showed that the indigenous fungus A. fumigatus was able to remove As, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn from the leachate of gold mine tailings and therefore the potential for removing metal ions from metal‐bearing leachate.     

An Acetic Acid‐Based Extraction Protocol for the Recovery of U,Th and Pb from Calcium Carbonates for U‐(Th)‐Pb Geochronology

A new method for the simultaneous recovery of U, Th and Pb from ca. 0.5 g calcium carbonate samples for the purpose of U‐(Th)‐Pb geochronometry is presented. The protocol employs ion‐exchange chromatography. Standard anion exchange resin (AG 1‐X8 100–200 mesh) was used as the static phase, and 90% acetic acid was used as the mobile phase to elute the unwanted matrix components; dilute nitric acid was used to elute the U, Th and Pb. Blanks of 1.8 pg Th, 6.4 pg Pb and 8.4 pg U were obtained. The protocol was evaluated by determining the isotopic composition of U‐Th‐Pb separates obtained from an in‐house reference material (prepared from a natural speleothem) by MC‐ICP‐MS. An independently dated speleothem was also reanalysed. Based on these tests, the extraction protocol had an acceptable blank and produced a Pb separate sufficiently free of matrix‐induced instrumental biases to be appropriate for U‐Th‐Pb chronology.     

等离子体片离子与太阳风及地磁条件的关联研究

本文根据搭载于Cluster卫星的CIS/CODIF和RAPID仪器的观测数据,统计研究了等离子体片中的H⁺、O⁺离子在磁暴期间的时间变化特性,及其对太阳风条件的响应.观测结果表明：(1) 磁暴开始前,O⁺离子（0~40 keV）数密度保持在较低水平.随着磁暴的发展,O⁺数密度缓慢上升,其峰值出现在D_st极小值附近;H⁺离子(0~40 keV)数密度在磁暴开始之前的较短时间迅速增加并达到峰值,在磁暴开始之后迅速降低,并在整个主相和恢复相期间保持在相对较低水平.更高能量的离子则在磁暴开始后迅速增多,并在低能O⁺离子达到峰值之前达到峰值.因此我们推测磁暴初期从等离子体片注入环电流的主要是H⁺离子,主相后期O⁺离子可能扮演更为重要的角色.(2)在地磁活动时期,太阳风密度和动压强与等离子体片中的H⁺、O⁺数密度存在一定相关性.等离子体片中的H⁺离子对北向IMF B_z较为敏感,而IMF B_z南向条件下更有利于太阳风参数对等离子体片中O⁺数密度的影响.在地磁活动平静期,太阳风条件对等离子体片中的离子没有明显影响.     

陶瓷釉的矿物学特征研究

应用原子吸收光谱（AAS）,X射线衍射（XRD）和 电子自旋共振（ESR）方法对工业及民用陶瓷釉进行了研究。实验表明：陶瓷釉的主要化学 成分为Al2O3、SiO2,少量为K2O、Na2O、MgO、CaO和微量的TiO2、Fe2O3 、S等;矿物相有石英、伊利石、方解石、长石、高岭石和滑石等。生釉经不同温度焙烧后 ,无论是化学成分、矿物相、微量杂质元素的价态及含量均发生了变化。讨论了在不同温度下的化学组分、含量、生成矿物相的种类以及杂质离子在矿物内部的电荷转移状态。这些结果对改进陶瓷釉的配方,探索最佳焙烧温度,生产高质量的陶瓷产品,有着实际的指导意义 。     

磁场偶极化过程中磁尾的电离层离子加速:Ⅰ离子分布函数的演化

采用动力学方程,对亚暴期间磁尾磁场向偶极形弛豫过程中离子分布函数的演化进行了模拟研究,主要结果为：（１）初始时刻分布函数为相对于速度呈指数下降的离子束,在随时间变化过程中,逐渐变为相对于速度（包括平行和垂直速度）的单峰结构,且单峰在速度空间的位置随时间的变化而向高速方向移动;（２）在速度空间中平行于磁场方向上单峰向高速方向移动得较慢,在垂直方向上移动得较快;（３）轻离子分布函数峰值的位置较重离子随时间的变化向高速方向移动较快。（４）初始能量较高时,离子分布函数的单峰位置向高速方向移动较快。（５）离子团在磁场偶极化过程中表现为一束地向流．本文还对上行离子受感应电场的加速进行了讨论．     

Adsorption of cobalt by using inorganic components of sediment samples from water bodies

The adsorption of cobalt ions was evaluated using sediment samples from water bodies to investigate the adsorption properties of sediment and the behavior of these natural materials in the presence of nuclear and industrial waste.The two sediments(S1 and S2)were treated to eliminate humic and fulvic acids and then they were characterized by several techniques.The minerals found in both the sediments(X-ray diffraction)were quartz and albite;plus,goethite and muscovite in S1,and kaolinite and montmorillonite in S2.Point of zero charge(PZC)of S1 and S2 was 6.00 and 5.22,respectively.The specific area of S1(63.3 m²/g)is higher than S2(1.5 m²/g).Adsorption kinetics data for S1 and S2 were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model.The removal efficiency of S1 for cobalt was 96%with an adsorption capacity(qe)of 0.93 mg/g,and for S2 was 45%with a qeof 0.40 mg/g.The experimental data of the adsorption isotherms were adjusted to Langmuir and Freundlich models for S1 and S2,respectively.The thermodynamic parameters(enthalpy,entropy,and Gibb’s free energy)indicated that the adsorption processes were endothermic,spontaneous,and chemisorption mechanism.The results show that the adsorption capacities of the sediments depend on their composition.These water sediments have important adsorption properties for cobalt,and they can be used in the treatment of nuclear and industrial aqueous wastes.     

垂直无碰撞激波的离子加速机制

利用一维全粒子模拟得到的垂直无碰撞激波的位形,通过试验粒子方法研究了不同初始能量粒子的激波加速机制.将与激波相互作用的离子分成反射和直接穿过两类,发现只有被激波反射的离子可被激波明显加速,其中初始能量较小的反射离子通过激波冲浪机制加速,而初始能量较大的离子通过激波漂移加速机制加速.同时激波厚度还对离子被加速过程有重要影响.     

祁连山老虎沟地区夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的变化特征

为了研究青藏高原东北缘老虎沟地区大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子组分的变化特征,于2016年7月16日至8月11日共采集13个PM_2.5样品和4套粒径分级样品。研究结果显示：非沙尘期间,水溶性离子总质量浓度为2.35 μg·m^-3,主要离子SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的浓度分别为1.28、0.33、0.32和0.28 μg·m^-3,约占水溶性离子浓度总和的94%;沙尘期间,水溶性无机离子总质量浓度为12.63 μg·m^-3,是非沙尘期间浓度的5倍,主要离子SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺和NO₃^-的浓度依次为5.36、4.77、0.80、0.62和0.61 μg·m^-3,约占水溶性离子浓度总和的96%。分级样品分析结果表明,NO₃^-主要分布在粗颗粒模态,可能是前体物在粉尘表面发生非均相反应产生。在沙尘时期,SO₄^2-主要为粉尘贡献,集中分布在粗颗粒模态。在非沙尘时期,SO₄^2-在粗颗粒模态和积聚模态都有较多的分布。积聚模态的SO₄^2-主要是通过前体物与NH₃发生均相反应产生。据估算,非沙尘时期的二次反应对PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的贡献约为80%。     

金刚石呈色机制的新观点

已知金刚石中能产生颜色的点缺陷(即色心)主要有氮、硼、空穴、填隙子以及各种形式的氮与空穴的复合体。随着各种现代微束与谱学分析技术以及量子化学计算的应用，对金刚石晶格中氮、硼以外的杂质—氢与过渡金属离子的赋存状态的研究，我们发现了新的致色点缺陷：成键氢，镍、钴离子，及其与氮的复合体，从而形成了氢致色与过渡金属离子致色的金刚石呈色机制的新观点。     

实验研究不同盐离子对水分子拉曼效应的影响

对流体包裹体中常见的几种盐水溶液进行了拉曼光谱分析.采用了频移参数描述水分子拉曼峰的形变强度,并讨论了频移参数与盐度之间的关系.实验分析结果表明,盐度越大,频移参数越大,水分子拉曼峰形变越大.对频移参数曲线斜率分析显示,盐类对水分子拉曼峰偏移程度影响的强弱顺序为NaCl＞Na2SO4＞NaHCO3＞Na2CO3.讨论了不同阳离子和阴离子对水伸缩振动拉曼峰的影响,结果表明,高价阳离子的影响明显高于低价阳离子;而阴离子对水拉曼峰影响的强弱顺序初步确定为Cl-≈SO2-4-＞HCO-3＞CO2-3≈NO-3.