Source of major anions and cations of snowpacks in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, Mt. Gongga and Baishui No.1 glacier, Mt. Yulong

Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers: Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na+ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. How-ever, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentra-tion in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Bai-shui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it: firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.     

浙江林学院东湖校区空气负离子浓度变化特征

选择浙江林学院东湖校区作为监测点,通过测定空气正、负离子浓度,空气温、湿度,风速,光量子等项目对空气负离子浓度变化特征进行研究．结果表明：白天空气负离子浓度有一个高峰期,出现在8：00-9：00;8月空气负离子浓度最高;空气负离子浓度随相对湿度的升高而增大,随温度、风速和光量子的增大而降低．     

吉林省夹皮沟—金城洞绿岩区中金矿床形成的物理化学条件

作者应用气液包裹体研究和热力学方法讨论了吉林省夹皮沟—金城洞绿岩区中金矿床形成的物理化学条件,分别确定了Ⅰ矿田(石(?)沟旷田)、Ⅱ矿田(夹皮沟矿田)和Ⅲ矿田(金城洞矿田)的成矿T、P、pH、Eh、fs_2、fo_2、fco_2及成矿溶液性质、成分类型、主要成矿离子Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、[AuS_3]~(3-)的浓度。     

Chitosan removes toxic heavy metal ions from cigarette mainstream smoke

This study investigated the removal of heavy metal ions from cigarette mainstream smoke using chitosan. Chitosan of various deacetylation degrees and molecular weights were manually added to cigarette filters in different dosages. The mainstream smoke particulate matter was collected by a Cambridge filter pad, digested by a microwave digestor, and then analyzed for contents of heavy metal ions, including As(III/V), Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II), by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The results showed that chitosan had a removal effect on Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II). Of these, the percent removal of Ni(II) was elevated with an increasing dosage of chitosan. Chitosan of a high deace tylation degree exhibited good binding performance toward Cd(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II), though with poor efficiency for Pb(II). Except As(III/V), all the tested metal ions showed similar tendencies in the growing contents with an increasing chitosan molecular weight. Nonetheless, the percent removal of Cr(III/VI) peaked with a chitosan molecular weight of 200 kDa, followed by a dramatic decrease with an increasing chitosan molecular weight. Generally, chitosan had different removal effects on four out of five tested metal ions, and the percent removal of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(III/VI) and Ni(II) was approximately 55%, 45%, 50%, and 16%, respectively. In a word, chitosan used in cigarette filter can remove toxic heavy metal ions in the mainstream smoke, improve cigarette safety, and reduce the harm to smokers.     

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF SULFHYDRYL CHITOSAN

A new adsorbent for heavy metal ions, sulfhydryl chitosan (S-chitosan), was produced by treatment of chitosan with sulhydryl acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. Its structure was confrrmed by elemental analysis and FI‘-IR spectra analysis. The adsorption properties of sulthydryl chitosan for Cu(Ⅱ ), Cd(Ⅱ ), Pb(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅲ) and Ni(Ⅱ) were investigated, and the effect of pH value on adsorption, adsorption kinetics, and selective adsorption was examined. It was shown that S-chitosan has good adsorption for Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) like chitosan, is also insoluble in acid solution; has good adsorption kinetic properties for heavy metal ions; and can be used in acid solution. The adsorption capacities of S-chitosan can be affected by media acidity. The adsorbed Cu(Ⅱ) Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) could be eluted by diluted chlorhydric acid.     

Heavy ion formation in Titan's ionosphere: Magnetospheric introduction of free oxygen and a source of Titan's aerosols?

Discovery by Cassini's plasma instrument of heavy positive and negative ions within Titan's upper atmosphere and ionosphere has advanced our understanding of ion neutral chemistry within Titan's upper atmosphere, primarily composed of molecular nitrogen, with ~2.5% methane. The external energy flux transforms Titan's upper atmosphere and ionosphere into a medium rich in complex hydrocarbons, nitriles and haze particles extending from the surface to 1200 km altitudes. The energy sources are solar UV, solar X-rays, Saturn's magnetospheric ions and electrons, solar wind and shocked magnetosheath ions and electrons, galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and the ablation of incident meteoritic dust from Enceladus’ E-ring and interplanetary medium. Here it is proposed that the heavy atmospheric ions detected in situ by Cassini for heights >950 km, are the likely seed particles for aerosols detected by the Huygens probe for altitudes <100 km. These seed particles may be in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms C_nH_x. There could also be hollow shells of carbon atoms, such as C₆₀, called fullerenes which contain no hydrogen. The fullerenes may compose a significant fraction of the seed particles with PAHs contributing the rest. As shown by Cassini, the upper atmosphere is bombarded by magnetospheric plasma composed of protons, H₂⁺ and water group ions. The latter provide keV oxygen, hydroxyl and water ions to Titan's upper atmosphere and can become trapped within the fullerene molecules and ions. Pickup keV N₂⁺, N⁺ and CH₄⁺ can also be implanted inside of fullerenes. Attachment of oxygen ions to PAH molecules is uncertain, but following thermalization O+ can interact with abundant CH₄ contributing to the CO and CO₂ observed in Titan's atmosphere. If an exogenic keV O+ ion is implanted into the haze particles, it could become free oxygen within those aerosols that eventually fall onto Titan's surface. The process of freeing oxygen within aerosols could be driven by cosmic ray interactions with aerosols at all heights. This process could drive pre-biotic chemistry within the descending aerosols. Cosmic ray interactions with grains at the surface, including water frost depositing on grains from cryovolcanism, would further add to abundance of trapped free oxygen. Pre-biotic chemistry could arise within surface microcosms of the composite organic-ice grains, in part driven by free oxygen in the presence of organics and any heat sources, thereby raising the astrobiological potential for microscopic equivalents of Darwin's “warm ponds” on Titan.     

地磁活动与太阳活动对环电流离子成分与位置的影响

根据CRRES卫星上MICS离子成分探测器的观测资料以及前人有关AMPTE卫星的观测数据，研究了地磁活动和太阳活动性对环电流成分以及各种环电流离子的最大通量位置的影响. 观测表明相对于地磁平静时期，在地磁活动的活跃时期，环电流中O+、He++和He+离子的数密度和能量密度占环电流总数密度和总能量密度的份额增加，相反H+离子所占的比例却明显减少. 太阳活动极大年时环电流中H+离子丰度比极小年时低，而O+和He++离子的丰度却比太阳活动极小年时高. 卫星数据观测还表明，在地球磁暴期间，环电流中O+离子和He+离子的最大通量位置会随着地磁的活动径向移动，平均来看太阳活动极大年的能量粒子最大数密度位置距离地球比极小年时约小0.5RE （RE 为地球半径）.     

Removal of Lead,Copper, Zinc and Cadmium from Water Using Phosphate Rock

Removal of Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from aqueous solutions by sorption on a natural phosphate rock （FAP） was investigated. The effects of the contact time and initial metal concentration were examined in the batch method. The percentage sorption of heavy metals from solution ranges generally between 50% and 99%. The amount of sorbed metal ions follows the order Cu〉Pb〉Cd〉Zn. Heavy metal immobilization was attributed to both surface complexation of metal ions on the surface of FAP grains and partial dissolution and precipitation of a heavy metal-containing phosphate. The very low desorption ratio of heavy metals further supports the effectiveness of FAP as an alternative and low-cost material to remove toxic Pb^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋ and Cd^2＋ from polluted waters.     

褐煤生物产气规律及其液相体系中阳离子变化特征

为研究褐煤生物产气规律及其液相体系中常见阳离子变化特征,以内蒙古胜利褐煤为产气底物,寺河矿区煤层气井排采水中微生物作为发酵菌群,利用5 L厌氧发酵罐进行模拟生物产气实验,采用离子色谱仪对发酵液中的NH₄⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺5种阳离子浓度进行动态监测。结果表明：煤模拟生物产气周期为33 d,分为缓慢增长期、快速增长期和平缓期3个阶段,33 d单位质量煤净产甲烷量最高达23 μmol/g;产气体系中NH₄⁺（741.5 mg/L）和K⁺（994.5 mg/L）离子质量浓度变化最为明显,Ca²⁺（26 mg/L）、Mg²⁺（10.7 mg/L）和Na⁺（72 mg/L）次之,表明发酵液中5种阳离子均参与了褐煤生物产气过程,且被不同程度地释放和利用;褐煤生物产气量与阳离子浓度有一定相关性,单位质量煤产气量与NH₄⁺和K⁺浓度呈正相关,与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度呈负相关。此外,NH₄⁺和K⁺以及Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺之间浓度呈显著正相关。由实验结果可知：褐煤生物产气液相体系中4⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Na⁺5种阳离子会随着煤中有机组分的厌氧降解而缓慢释放、再吸附,同时可被微生物利用参与细胞内的生物化学反应。     

不同类型冰川雪中可培养细菌多样性变化及其与环境因子关系研究

通过荧光显微计数和恢复培养,分析了东天山和卓奥友峰冰川区雪的细菌数量及可培养细菌多样性.结果表明:不同地点不同深度雪中微生物数量都与可溶性离子Ca2+、Mg2+和NO3等的浓度显著相关,两种不同类型冰川雪坑中可培养细菌多样性存在明显差异.从卓奥友样品中培养得到高G+C(67%)、低G+C(22%)、α-Proteobacteria(4%)、β-Proteobacteria(4%)、γ-Proteobacteria(1%)和Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides(CFB)(2%)6种不同类群细菌,但从东天山雪样中仅分离得到β-Proteobacteria(48.5%)、α-Proteobacteria(25.5%)、低G+C(25%)和高G+C(1%)4种不同类群细菌.冰雪微生物的数量及种类与环境密切相关.