Mass Balance Measurements on the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska 1953–1998

Annual balance measurements on the Lemon Creek Glacier, Alaska conducted by the Juneau Icefield Research Program (JIRP) from 1953 through 1998 provide a continuous 46 year record. This is one of the nine American glaciers selected in a global monitoring network during the International Geophysical year, 1957/58. These data have been acquired primarily by employing consistent ground methods, conducted on similar annual dates and calculated using comparable methodology. The results have been until now fairly precise, but of uncertain accuracy. An adjunct comparison of topographic surface maps of the glacier made in 1957 and 32 years later in 1989 provides a rough determination of glacier surface elevation changes which are clearly of less precision than the compilation of annual ground data. Airborne surface profiling in 1995, and global positioning system leveling transects in 1996–1998 update the record of surface elevation changes over the past decade. The mean glacier ice thickness reductions suggested by these methods from 1957–1989, from 1957–1995 and from 1957–1998 are ?13.2 m, ?16.4 m, and ?21.7 m, respectively. It is of interest that the geodetic interpretations agree fairly well with the trend of sequential balances from ground-level stratigraphic measurements. To date, however, the infrequent mapping methods in this study have yielded specific balances averaging between 5 and 11% less than those resulting from our annual on-site glaciological monitoring. For future studies this can be an important factor. The ground data are, therefore, the ones in which we have most confidence. These show cumulative ice losses of ?13.9 m (12.7 m water equivalent w.e.) from 1957–1989, of ?19.0 m (?17.1 m w.e.) from 1957–1995, of ?24.4 m (22 m w.e.) from 1957–1998, and ?24.7 m (22.2 m w.e.) for the total cumulative loss over the full 46 years between 1953 and 1998. Although the balance trend has been increasingly negative it averages ?0.48 m/a in w.e. or 0.52 m of ice loss per year. To refine the reliability of density determinations in this data set the effects of internal accumulation from refrozen meltwater producing diagenetic ice structures in the annual firnpack have been taken into account. An unusual dearth of such structures within the 1997/98 firnpack provided a unique opportunity to facilitate application of the probing technique over broad areas of the nv. This added to our ground truth and verified accuracy of the test-pit measurements used in these long-term mass balance computations. The glacier's continuing negative mass balance has fueled a terminal retreat of 800 m during the 1953–1998 period. The annual balance trend indicates that despite a higher mean elevation and a higher elevation terminus from thinning and retreat, mean annual balance has been strongly negative since 1977 (?0.78 m/a w.e.). Dramatically increased negative mass balances have occurred in the 1990s, with 1996 and 1997 being the only years on record with no retained accumulation since field observations were initiated in the glacier source areas in 1948.     

On the Mass Balance of Low Latitude Glaciers with Particular Consideration of the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca

Glacier mass balance studies in the low latitudes are rare and glaciological methods and terminology are basically adapted from mid- and high latitude conditions. The low latitudes are considered to be the tropics and, to some extent, the adjoining dry subtropics. The outer tropics are proposed as an intermediate zone with tropical character during the humid season and subtropical character during the dry season. Delimitations as well as respective climate and glacier regimes are discussed in order to distinguish them from each other and from the mid-latitudes. Different sensitivities of the glaciers can be expected and promise, in turn, a complex climatological interpretation of glacier fluctuations. For this, detailed mass balance studies on low latitude glaciers are required. The respective discussion is concentrated on the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca whose topographical setting provides both spatial and temporal subdivisions in humid and dry regimes in one region. However, theoretical considerations and field experience show problems for the determination of mass balance variables in the Cordillera Blanca and the low latitudes in general. The absence of annual temperature variations hinders the development of impermeable layers which can be identified as annual reference layers and which prevent meltwater from percolating into the firn body. Thus, a combination of ablation measurements and the application of the flux divergence method for the determination of accumulation is proposed.     

东海平湖油气田中高渗凝析气藏开发效果分析

东海平湖油气田放鹤亭始新统平湖组气藏,属中高渗砂岩中低凝析油含量凝析气藏,1999年3月投入生产,采用衰竭式开采,至今已有8个年头,目前仍处于开发稳产阶段,日生产天然气量在140×10^4m^3左右。通过对平湖油气田凝析气藏开发生产状况跟踪研究发现,其采气速度高、主力气藏气井无水采气期普遍较长、气油比随着压力下降而上升、凝析油含量随着压力下降而下降、天然气采收率将优于开发方案设计值,同时也发现,防止气井出水、出砂是中高渗凝析气藏开发中应予以高度重视的问题。平湖油气田凝析气藏开发,在技术上和经济上都取得了较好的效果,可以借鉴于类似凝析气田的开发实践中。     

欧亚北部冬季增雪“影响”我国夏季气候异常的机理研究——陆面季节演变异常的“纽带”作用

本文主要利用美国冰雪资料中心 (The National Snow and Ice Data Center) 提供的卫星反演积雪资料和ERA40土壤温度再分析资料, 采用相关分析, 对欧亚北部冬季新增雪盖面积 (冬季TFSE) 与我国夏季气候异常关系的可能物理途径进行了初步研究。结果表明, 春夏季陆面季节演变异常是上述“隔季相关” 的重要纽带: 当冬季TFSE偏大时, 欧亚北部大范围积雪—冻土自西向东、 由南向北的融化进程明显减慢, 受其影响, 至夏季, 东亚中高纬区积雪和地表冻土的融化异常强烈, 土壤温度明显偏低, 这种夏季陆面异常可能通过自身的冷却作用, 通过加强东亚中高纬异常北风对东亚中纬区夏季变冷产生直接影响, 进而与西太平洋副热带高压, 乃至与我国江南夏季降水异常产生关联; 冬季TFSE偏小时相反。分析表明, 冬季TFSE信号在东亚中高纬局地的春季积雪—冻土融化过程中被加强, 并在夏季达到显著。     

云南老王寨金矿煌斑岩固定铵（NH4^＋）地球化学特征

云南老王寨金矿与金矿化时空密切共生的煌斑岩可分为新鲜（弱蚀变）、蚀变和矿化3种。固定铵（NH4^ ）含量测定结果表明，新鲜煌斑岩固定铵含量明显高于其他幔源岩石、低于矿区碳质围岩的固定铵含量。笔者认为该特征可能不是地壳混染的结果，从新鲜煌斑岩→蚀变煌斑岩→矿化煌斑岩，固定铵含量递增，且与金含量具较好的正相关，表明矿区煌斑岩蚀变流体和矿化流体中均可能存在铵，铵在金矿化流体中对金的迁移起了作用。     

改性红辉沸石去除水溶液中氨氮的初步研究

文章研究了采用酸、碱、盐改性红辉沸石和加热活化红辉沸石对改性红辉沸石去除水溶液中氨氮的影响效果。实验结果表明：（1）用红辉沸石去除溶液中氨氮的实验条件选择如下：1搅拌时间为30min;2沸石粒度为40～60目;3沸石用量为2g;4氯化氨溶液浓度为40mg/L;5氯化氨溶液用量为80ml。（2）采用高温活化对提高红辉沸石去除氨氮效率的作用不明显。（3）酸和碱改性对提高红辉沸石去除氨氮的效率有一定的作用,其中盐酸改性的红辉沸石去除氨氮效率为16.2%,硫酸改性的红辉沸石去除氨氮效率为13.1%,碱改性的红辉沸石去除氨氮效率为25.6%。（4）盐改性对红辉沸石去除水溶液中氨氮的影响效果巨大：经盐改性后,去除率由9.6%升高至72.6%。     

The Impact of Arctic Ozone Depletion on Northern Middle Latitudes: Interannual Variability and Dynamical Control

We have investigated the effect of the export of Arctic ozone loss, or`dilution', on mid-latitude ozone depletion during the 1990s, and its relation tointerannual meteorological variability. A stratospheric chemical-transport modelincorporated a simple gas-phase ozone scheme with the addition of a parameterisation ofpolar depletion which depended only on temperature and duration of sunlight. Themodel was forced with the U.K. Meteorological Office analyses from 1991 to 1999 covering eight Northern Hemisphere winters. The modelled Arctic ozone column losses wereabout half the magnitude of those in the Antarctic and showed a considerablevariation from year to year. The northern middle latitudes (40°–60° N)were mainly affected through dilution and experienced a variable 5–20%depletion. Year-round there is a depletion of about 1% in northern middle latitudes due toactivation at the pole but there is no evidence that this depletion increases with timeduring this integration. A series of inert tracer experiments for the winters from 1996 to 1999 showed that the dilution occurs primarily at the 560 K and 465 K isentropic levels where up to 30% of the airoriginating northward of 67° N on 1 March is found at 47° N later in spring. Thestrength and persistence of the Arctic vortex were crucial in determining the severity and the timing of the ozone dilution every year by influencing, respectively, the magnitude of the high-latitude depletion and the effectiveness of mixing to lower latitudes. This spring dilution was correlated with the winter/spring planetary wave activity indicating the important role of dynamical processes in regulating the polar-driven mid-latitude ozone depletion.     

中国东部夏季季节内降水异常及其伴随的热带和中高纬度大气环流演变特征

利用1981—2020年夏季(5—8月)CPC(Climate Prediction Center)逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及NOAA的向外长波辐射资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、超前滞后合成等方法,分析了中国东部夏季季节内降水异常的主要模态(即南方型和江淮型降水异常)及其伴随的热带和中高...     

(NH_4)_2SO_4浸取EDTA-Zn测定试样中RE_2O_3

稀土元素的分析主要采用有机试剂萃取。偶氮试剂做为显色剂的比色分析,分析手续繁琐,也不易得到满意的分析结果,本文在EDTA容量法的基础上,采用较为简便的(NH4)2SO4浸取EDTA-Zn滴定法直接测定新型稀土总量,大大简化了试样的分析过程和操作手续。     

Chikyû Bankoku Sankai Yochi Zenzu Setsu: The First Japanese World Map with Latitudes and Longitudes and with an Extensive Japanese Explanatory Note

In the early 1780s, Nagakubo Sekisui, the first Japanese scientific geographer, published a world map containing latitudes and longitudes, based on Matteo Ricci's map of 1602. The map and its extensive explanatory text had a considerable impact on the educated classes of the late Edo Period (1603–1868) toward their new vision of the world. We are providing here an analysis of the map and the first complete English translation of Nagakubo Sekisui's most interesting, long explanatory text.