利用NDVI时间序列数据分析植被长势对气候因子的响应

本文利用1982～2000年旬合成NDVI时间序列数据,计算2000年3月和5月各旬NDVI偏离历年均值及时间序列NDVI的标准差,进而确定不同土地覆盖类型的Z值在空间域内正态分布特征参数,利用概率密度函数方法将Z值归一化,得到植被长势评价指标标准植被指数(SVI),利用SVI分析2000年3月和5月上旬植被生长状况,在此基础上,利用10个气象站观测的降水量和平均气温资料,分析了各个气象站点19年时间序列的SVI和VCI与降水量和平均气温之间的相关程度,结果表明：(1)在华北平原大部分冬小麦耕作区,3月份小麦生长较好,到5月份,生长与历年相比较差;从3月上旬到5月下旬,生长不良的植被面积有扩张趋势;(2)SVI与植被状态指数(VCI),表明SVI与VCI之间相关显著,SVI作为植被生长状况评价指标是有效的;(3)SVI和VCI与降水量和气温之间尽管表现出一定的相关性,但相关程度都不很显著,表明植被长势是由多因素共同作用的结果,在不同地区、不同时期以及不同植被覆盖条件下,植被长势所受主要控制因子存在很大的差别;(4)在森林覆盖类型区,3月份的植被长势与该月份之前总降水量存在的关系更显著,而与当月降水和当月平均气温关系并不明显,到5月上旬,由于森林覆盖条件下植被绿度达到饱和,引起建立在光谱植被指数基础上的长势评价指标对气温和降水均不敏感;(5)自然植被条件下的灌丛、草原和草甸覆盖区,相对于降水量,植被长势对气温变化的响应更敏感;(6）农作物覆盖条件下,SVI与降水和气温的关系都不明显,而VCI在不同的季节所受影响的主要气候因子不同,3月份,气温成为作物生长的主要限制因子,而到5月份,水分条件成为作物生长的主要限制条件,特别是在华北平原的冬小麦耕种区;(7)利用时间序列NDVI数据在时间域内构建的指标,进行干旱监测存在明显局限性,因为指标对降水量的敏感性在不同季节不同;(8)VCI和SVI与降水和气温的相关分析说明VCI对气候环境的变化更敏感。     

Effects of rural–urban migration on vegetation greenness in fragile areas: A case study of Inner Mongolia in China

Different government departments and researchers have paid considerable attention at various levels to improving the eco-environment in ecologically fragile areas. Over the past decade, large numbers of people have emigrated from rural areas as a result of the rapid urbanization in Chinese society. The question then remains: to what extent does this migration affect the regional vegetation greenness in the areas that people have moved from? Based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data with a resolution of 1 km, as well as meteorological data and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2010 in Inner Mongolia, the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation greenness in the study area was analyzed via trend analysis and significance test methods. The contributions of human activities and natural factors to the variation of vegetation conditions during this period were also quantitatively tested and verified, using a multi-regression analysis method. We found that: (1) the vegetation greenness of the study area increased by 10.1% during 2000-2010. More than 28% of the vegetation greenness increased significantly, and only about 2% decreased evidently during the study period. (2) The area with significant degradation showed a banded distribution at the northern edge of the agro-pastoral ecotone in central Inner Mongolia. This indicates that the eco-environment is still fragile in this area, which should be paid close attention. The area where vegetation greenness significantly improved showed a concentrated distribution in the southeast and west of Inner Mongolia. (3) The effect of agricultural labor on vegetation greenness exceeded those due to natural factors (i.e. precipitation and temperature). The emigration of agricultural labor improved the regional vegetation greenness significantly.     

科尔沁沙地不同沙地景观区植被指数对水热因素响应

在全球气候变化背景下,不同尺度下植物对环境条件的响应机制是生态学研究的核心。为了更好理解不同沙地景观区域植被指数(NDVI)对气象水热环境因子的响应机制,以2000-2013年7-9月MODIS遥感影像为数据源,采用3S空间分析技术和通径分析方法,对科尔沁沙地围封保护区、人工造林固沙区和流动沙丘区等3种景观类型区NDVI的变化趋势和影响其变化的同期气象水热因子年降水、关键期降水、关键期最大一次性降水、重要期降水、年均温、关键期均温、关键期最高气温、关键期最低气温等8个因素进行了分析。结果表明:不同景观类型区NDVI整体上呈现增长的态势。降水的影响明显高于气温,且降水主要起正相关作用,气温主要起负相关作用。促进沙地围封保护景观区NDVI增长的气象因子是关键期降水,决策系数最大且为正(0.445);人工造林固沙景观区受到人工造林更新和农业开垦的影响,削弱了水热条件对NDVI的影响,相比较而言,重要期降水影响较大;流动沙丘景观类型区主要受到关键期气温极值的影响,其他因子影响不显著。     

基于SSA-Mann Kendall的草原露天矿区NDVI时间序列分析

针对煤矿区植被指数时间序列研究中,存在年际尺度上对植被动态规律刻画不全面、月际尺度上因物候性周期波动导致变化趋势和周期振荡信号微弱难以提取、基于变换的变化检测物理意义不够明确的问题,本文以胜利露天矿区为例,在月际尺度,基于SSA-Mann Kendall重建草原露天矿区的采矿扰动区和伪不变特征区MODIS NDVI时间序列的趋势和周期振荡信号,从显著程度和突变时间2方面对趋势成分进行定量化分析,并结合各特征区周期振荡演变特征揭示采矿扰动下草原露天矿区植被生长的动态规律。结果表明：SSA-Mann Kendall能将NDVI时间序列的微弱信号充分放大,便于提取,并可对趋势成分进行定量化表达,结合周期振荡与趋势成分的演变特征有助于辅助识别矿区植被生长的动态特点;伪不变特征区植被无显著下降趋势,采矿扰动区下降趋势显著,且露天采场较排土场的趋势更为明显,草原露天矿区地表植被损伤具有突发性,突变点多发于矿井开工建设时;扰动形式差异导致部分矿井露天采场和排土场周期振荡演变特征存在差异,露天采场植被消失殆尽,排土场因植被恢复措施而具有更复杂的动态特点。     

Variation in vegetation greenness in spring across eastern China during 1982-2006

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To understand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r²=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r²=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r²=0.24; p=0.014) consecutively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was explained by either precipitation or temperature.     

基于多源遥感数据的辽宁地表温度反演及空间分布研究

以辽宁地表温度为研究对象,采用普适性单通道算法,利用FY-3A/MERSI数据,并结合MODIS 1000 m分辨率数据,反演了2009年和2010年4-9月间10个时次晴空或局部晴空时的地表温度。结果表明：计算验证了模型的反演精度与同期NASA所发布MODIS地表温度产品的精度相当,其结果与相应的56个气象站点的实际观测数据相一致。多源遥感数据的综合应用,可获得较合理的地表温度反演结果;不同土地覆盖类型间地表温度的高低在相同时间内存在显著差异;研究期内,林地、水田、旱地和建设用地的NDVI与地表温度具有负相关性。综合利用遥感、地理信息系统技术,可以表征地表温度与土地利用类型以及地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的关系。     

基于MODIS NDVI的贵州省植被退化及归因

为了解森林退化的原因,利用2000-2015年的MODIS NDVI数据,在分析贵州省植被变化趋势的基础上识别了归一化植被指数（NDVI)显著下降的区域,并在NDVI显著下降区选取面积大于10 km2的森林图斑为兴趣区,分析其内气候变化趋势及对森林NDVI值的影响。研究表明:197个兴趣区主要分布在贵州省西北部的赤水—习水、东北部的梵净山和东南部的非喀斯特区域;区内春、夏季NDVI变化趋势与年NDVI值变化趋势一致,下降速率达到-0.01·yr-1,冬季与其他季节变化趋势相反,呈不显著升高趋势;区内春季和夏季气温升高显著,降水和日照时间无明显变化,整体气候变化呈暖干趋势;夏季温度升高是NDVI降低的主要驱动因素。      

Following the Afar: Using remote tracking systems to analyze pastoralists' trekking routes

For nomadic pastoralists in arid environments, judicious migration of the herds is the principle strategy for short term survival and long term sustainability. Yet, this efficient mechanism is increasingly challenged by mounting population pressure, appropriation of land and restricted transboundary movements. Lack of information on trekking patterns and grazing areas makes it difficult for government authorities to protect the migration routes. Data are so scarce because the object of measurement is moving in directions no outsider can predict. Consequently, data collection is costly and laborious. The present study suggests the use of satellite telemetry to trace trekking routes in a near real-time mode that can operate without the presence of external observers on the ground. We report on a pilot that tests a remote tracking technique to locate the routing of a nomadic pastoralist during the dry spell, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. From a movement analysis we infer trekking routes and grazing areas as well as the spatial and temporal correlation between the vegetation cover index NDVI, and the visits by the herd. Our first results seem encouraging in that our data collection method can produce unique information relatively quickly and at low cost.     

1982-2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化

利用内蒙古地区1982-2003年遥感归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)数据,对植被带进行了分时段的划分,并以典型草原植被带为例,分析植被覆盖度时空变化及其与水热因子的关系.结果表明:在整个研究期间,典型草原带的面积呈增加的趋势,荒漠草原带的面积呈减少的趋势,森林带、森林草原带和荒漠带的面积趋势变化不明显.总体上看,从时段1(1982-1987年)到时段2(1988-1992年)植被带进化演变的面积占优势,从时段2(1988-1992年)到时段3(1993-1998年)进化和退化演变的面积相当,从时段3(1993-1998年)到时段4(1999-2003年)退化演变的面积占优势.在典型草原带内,多年平均植被覆盖度具有明显的季节变化,从5月上半月返青开始到8月下半月达到年最大值,其空间演进以大兴安岭两翼为中心,逐渐向东南的西辽河平原和向西的乌兰察布高原扩展.前期降水量与覆盖度季节增量年际变化之间呈正相关,显著正相关的区域位于锡林郭勒高原西部和乌兰察布高原,而气温与覆盖度季节增量年际变化的相关一般不显著.典型草原年最大覆盖度线性趋势降低与升高的面积分别占52.6%和47.4%,其中,呼伦贝尔高原西部边缘以及大兴安岭山麓两侧的年最大覆盖度呈显著降低的趋势,而西辽河平原西南部和努鲁儿虎山东段的年最大覆盖度呈显著升高的趋势.年降水量是影响年最大覆盖度的主要因子,而年均温对年最大覆盖度的影响不明显.     

黑河下游径流量与额济纳绿洲NDVI的滞后模型

将黑河下游年度均流量作为激励,将由NOAA/AVHRR卫星数据处理得到的归一化植被指数NDVI指标作为响应,建立起线性系统模型,从区域尺度模拟了额济纳绿洲植被发育相对于来水量的滞后过程。模型显示出,黑河来水对当年及后5 a的绿洲植被产生显著影响,其中对次年影响最大,并逐年递减,6 a后滞后效应不明显。分析认为滞后效应受含水层、包气带结构、绿洲范围等物理与几何参数因素控制,是绿洲生态系统具有自维持功能的一个体现。