伊金霍洛旗近15年来植被覆盖度的动态变化

植被状况是评价荒漠化地区荒漠化程度的重要指标,其中植被盖度是最为重要的植被表征.本文选择地处我国北方农牧交错区的内蒙古伊金霍洛旗,利用Landsat卫星遥感数据,基于植被指数,反演了这一地区1989年9月11日、1998年8月19日、1999年8月13日、2002年8月6日、2004年7月2日的植被盖度变化情况.通过分级比较发现,1989-1998年研究区植被覆盖度明显增加,1998-1999年植被覆盖度显著减少,1999-2002年植被覆盖度又明显增加,而2002-2004年植被覆盖度又有所减少.这种起伏变化表明:导致研究地区荒漠化发生和扩展的各种自然和人为因素并未根本消除,在局部地区荒漠化仍有恶化趋势.影响植被覆盖度变化的因素主要有三个方面:气候因素、土地利用政策和农业经济结构的优化调整.     

中国西北干旱区1981—2001年NDVI对气候变化的响应分析

气候变化在不同的区域有着不同的特征,对植被也带来不同的影响,对不同地区气候变化特征的认识及植被变化的相应分析,可使我们对全球变化对干旱区的影响有更深入的认识。通过定量分析,西北干旱区1981—2001年 NOAA/AVHRR数据和同期的气象资料,借助于遥感技术和数理统计知识,分析了1981—2001年我国西北干旱区NDVI变化及其与气候变化的关系。结果显示,1981—2001年间西北干旱区年际最大NDVI的变化与气候变化具有明显的相关性,尤其是对新疆的南、北疆来说,NDVI的变化受到年降水量、年均温和空气相对湿度的影响比较显著,NDVI与年降水量和相对湿度的相关程度要明显比与年均温的相关程度高。甘肃\,内蒙古的河西走廊和青海的柴达木地区NDVI没有明显的变化趋势,同时这两个地区也是年降水量变化最小的地区。从而得出一个结论:降水资源是我国西北干旱区植被生长和生态建设的最重要气象因子,只有充分、合理地利用“降水”这种天然水资源才能最终实现中国西北干旱区环境、社会与经济的可持续发展。     

Following the Afar: Using remote tracking systems to analyze pastoralists' trekking routes

For nomadic pastoralists in arid environments, judicious migration of the herds is the principle strategy for short term survival and long term sustainability. Yet, this efficient mechanism is increasingly challenged by mounting population pressure, appropriation of land and restricted transboundary movements. Lack of information on trekking patterns and grazing areas makes it difficult for government authorities to protect the migration routes. Data are so scarce because the object of measurement is moving in directions no outsider can predict. Consequently, data collection is costly and laborious. The present study suggests the use of satellite telemetry to trace trekking routes in a near real-time mode that can operate without the presence of external observers on the ground. We report on a pilot that tests a remote tracking technique to locate the routing of a nomadic pastoralist during the dry spell, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. From a movement analysis we infer trekking routes and grazing areas as well as the spatial and temporal correlation between the vegetation cover index NDVI, and the visits by the herd. Our first results seem encouraging in that our data collection method can produce unique information relatively quickly and at low cost.     

黑河下游径流量与额济纳绿洲NDVI的滞后模型

将黑河下游年度均流量作为激励,将由NOAA/AVHRR卫星数据处理得到的归一化植被指数NDVI指标作为响应,建立起线性系统模型,从区域尺度模拟了额济纳绿洲植被发育相对于来水量的滞后过程。模型显示出,黑河来水对当年及后5 a的绿洲植被产生显著影响,其中对次年影响最大,并逐年递减,6 a后滞后效应不明显。分析认为滞后效应受含水层、包气带结构、绿洲范围等物理与几何参数因素控制,是绿洲生态系统具有自维持功能的一个体现。     

Mesoscale Satellite Bioclimatology

This paper examines the strength of relationships between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic data, when examined at the mesoscale. Mean monthly AVHRR NDVI data for 1988‐1996 for the months of April through October for State of Kansas, its nine climatic divisions (CDs), and dominant land cover types within each CD were used. Corresponding climatic and water budget data were obtained or derived from National Climatic Data Center data. Temperature, precipitation, and NDVI deviations from normal were determined. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between NDVI and climatic variables, although strengths of the associations were modest. The highest correlation coefficient (r) for the state as a whole was 0.53, between NDVI and estimated actual evapotranspiration. When examined by climatic division or major land cover type, relationships between NDVI and a drought index were statistically significant in most cases and ranged from 0.30 to 0.56.     

基于多源遥感数据的辽宁地表温度反演及空间分布研究

以辽宁地表温度为研究对象,采用普适性单通道算法,利用FY-3A/MERSI数据,并结合MODIS 1000 m分辨率数据,反演了2009年和2010年4-9月间10个时次晴空或局部晴空时的地表温度。结果表明：计算验证了模型的反演精度与同期NASA所发布MODIS地表温度产品的精度相当,其结果与相应的56个气象站点的实际观测数据相一致。多源遥感数据的综合应用,可获得较合理的地表温度反演结果;不同土地覆盖类型间地表温度的高低在相同时间内存在显著差异;研究期内,林地、水田、旱地和建设用地的NDVI与地表温度具有负相关性。综合利用遥感、地理信息系统技术,可以表征地表温度与土地利用类型以及地表温度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间的关系。     

Variation in vegetation greenness in spring across eastern China during 1982-2006

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To understand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r²=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r²=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r²=0.24; p=0.014) consecutively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was explained by either precipitation or temperature.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of forest net primary production in China over the past two decades

Forest ecosystems play an important role in global carbon cycle regulation. Clarifying the dynamics and mechanism of carbon sink is of both scientific and political importance. In this paper, we have investigated the spatiotemporal change of forest net primary production (NPP) in China for recent two decades based on the geographically weighted regression (GWR) with a cumulative remote sensing index, the maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI_max). GWR is a recently developed regression method with special emphasis on spatial non-stationarity. Outputs of forest NPP at three different stages was generated by the GWR model with NDVI_max for the 1980s, early and late 1990s which were consequently analyzed. Our results indicated a wave-like pattern of change in forest NPP in the three stages with a trough-like depression for the early 1990s. The average forest NPP increased by about 0.72% from the 1980s to the late 1990s. A continuously increasing trend at a pace of 0.07% and 0.22% yr^− 1 was observed in the tropical and subtropical zones from the 1980s to late 1990s respectively, while a continuously decreasing trend (− 0.05% yr^− 1) was noted for the temperate zone. From forest type perspective, only the deciduous broadleaf forests exhibited a continuously decreasing trend of 0.18% yr^− 1. The complex spatiotemporal patterns revealed by this study suggest the need for further research in this direction in order to build in-depth insights into the revealed complexities.     

吉林省主要产粮区NDVI时空变化特征

为了确定作物长势遥感监测的评价指标,利用2000—2012年吉林省EOS/MODIS数据,采用NDVI旬最大值法,结合吉林省主要农作物生长发育的特点,对主要产粮区作物生长季旱田和水田的NDVI时空变化规律进行研究,并分析其与气温和降水的关系。结果表明:2000—2012年吉林省作物生长季农作物的NDVI随作物生长发育进程有明显的变化,水田和旱田两种作物的NDVI时间变化均呈单峰型;吉林省不同区域的NDVI变化趋势一致,5月上旬至6月上旬,NDVI呈缓慢增加的趋势;6月中旬至7月上旬,NDVI迅速增加;7月中旬至8月上旬,NDVI增加缓慢;8月中旬开始,NDVI开始下降。6月中旬开始,吉林省中部地区旱田NDVI明显高于西部地区,NDVI增长速率中部地区大于西部地区,达到峰值的时间中部地区也早于西部地区。吉林省水田NDVI变化中西部地区差异较小,均在8月上旬达到峰值,植被指数时间变化与吉林省作物生长发育进程相吻合。吉林省中西部地区作物的NDVI与气温和降水均呈正相关,气温和降水对NDVI的影响有明显滞后效应,且气温的影响大于降水。     

1982-2006年加纳植被覆盖时空变化及其气候影响

非洲陆地生态系统是气候变化的高敏感区,研究该区域植被覆盖变化及其控制因素,对深刻认识气候变化的影响具有重要意义。本文利用1982-2006年植被指数（NDVI）数据,研究位于非洲西部热带地区的加纳共和国植被覆盖的时空变化特征,结合同期的气温和降水量数据,分析其植被活动对气候变化的响应特征。研究结果表明,加纳86.4%的植被覆盖区NDVI在25 a间都呈现不同程度的增加趋势。20世纪80年代初和21世纪初这2个时期,NDVI值大于0.4的面积百分比呈增加趋势;NDVI值大于0.5的面积百分比从26%增加到38.2%;NDVI值在0.4-0.5之间的面积百分比从47.5%增加到51.9%。NDVI受降水量控制的区域占总区域面积的57.2%,而受气温控制的面积占总区域面积的42.8%。总的来看,加纳植被覆盖对降水量变化的敏感程度强于气温变化。