Corrosion behavior of anodic oxidized TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> film in seawater

TiO₂ films were formed on metallic titanium substrates by the anodic oxidation method in H₂SO₄ solution under the 80V D.C.. Phase component and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water contact angles on titanium oxide film surface were measured under both dark and sunlight illumination conditions. Corrosion tests were carried out in seawater under different illumination conditions by electrochemistry impedance spectrum (EIS) and polarization curves. The result showed that the TiO₂ film prepared by the anodic oxidation method was anatase with a uniform structure and without obvious pores or cracks on its surface. The average water contact angle of the film was 116.4° in dark, in contrast to an angle of 42.7° under the UV illumination for 2 hours, which demonstrates good hydrophobic property. The anti-corrosion behavior of the TiO₂ film was declining with the extended immersion time. Under dark conditions, however, the hydrophobic TiO₂ film retarded the water infiltrating into the substrate. The impedance changed slowly and the corrosion current density was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that with the film illuminated by sunlight. All of those mentioned above indicate that the TiO₂ film possesses much better performance under dark condition, and it can be applied as an engineering material under dark seawater environment.     

1979~2005年青藏高原位势高度场变化趋势的时空特征

利用NCEP/NCAR位势高度再分析资料分析了1979~2005年青藏高原及其邻近地区30hPa、100hPa、300hPa和500hPa位势高度场变化趋势的时空特征。研究表明:(1)1979~2005年青藏高原区域平均位势高度场在对流层中层存在上升趋势,且主要发生在冷半年;随着等压面的升高,高度场上升趋势减弱;到平流层高度场呈显著降低趋势,且主要发生在暖半年。(2)从空间上看,平流层位势高度场年平均变化整体呈显著降低趋势,大致呈纬向分布,南部降低趋势强于北部,特别是高原东南、孟加拉湾北部降低趋势最强;对流层中层位势高度场变化趋势以上升为主,高原东北部上升趋势尤其显著。(3)尽管与高原各层位势高度值本身相比,变化趋势是一个小量,但国内外不同区域及不同空间尺度的研究都发现有类似现象,故对此应给予重视。今后应进一步加强青藏高原位势高度场时空变化趋势的驱动机制、影响及其对全球变暖的区域响应研究。(4)1979年以来NCEP/NCAR位势高度再分析资料用于青藏高原及其邻近地区的气候变化研究是有效的。     

真三轴条件下Q2黄土的破坏模式与强度特性研究

基于西安理工大学自主研发的新型真三轴试验仪,对不同含水率Q2黄土在不同b值、不同固结围压条件下进行了真三轴试验研究,分析了真三轴试样破坏方式、中主应力对抗剪强度参数的影响以及π平面上的强度破坏面。结果表明,Q2黄土真三轴试样破坏方式主要有侧胀破坏、锥形破坏、梯形破坏、六边形破坏;不同b值应力路经条件下黏聚力与三轴压缩条件下黏聚力的比值在0.9～1.9之间,内摩擦角比值在0.7～1.5之间。土的结构性和土体破坏方式对π平面上的强度破坏面的形状影响较大,固结围压对π平面上的强度破坏面的大小影响较大;原状Q2黄土在π平面上的强度破坏面形状主要呈现梨形和轴对称六边形;随着结构性由强到弱,π平面上的强度破坏面形状由梨形向轴对称六边形变化。     

西安地铁2号线隧道穿越地裂缝带的设防参数

基于西安地裂缝成因、基本特征和未来活动趋势分析,通过几何缩比为1：5的地裂缝活动模型试验和地裂缝活动对盾构隧道影响的数值模拟计算,研究了西安地铁2号线隧道正交穿越地裂缝带的设防参数。通过分析地裂缝年平均活动速率和历史最大活动量,确定了与地铁2号线相交的各条地裂缝的最大垂直位移量的预测值和设计建议值。模型试验和数值模拟结果表明,正交条件下地铁隧道在地裂缝活动地段的设防宽度为60 m,即上盘为35 m,下盘为25 m;沿隧道纵向地裂缝两侧地层变形规律呈现台阶状突变变形,隧道纵向设计可将上盘视为整体下降来考虑;地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带必须分段设缝以适应地裂缝的变形,其分段长度在地裂缝主影响区按10 m进行设防,在一般影响区可按10～15 m进行分段设防。研究结果可为地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的结构设计提供参考。     

青藏高原湖泊Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Mg/Ca盐度指示意义的初步分析

总结了青藏高原地区400多个湖泊湖水的Mg2+、Ca2+和Mg/Ca等水化指标与湖水盐度的相关关系,以及这种关系随着湖水变化(不同采样时间和采样点以及自然蒸发)而产生的变化规律.结果表明:青藏高原湖泊湖水的Mg2+浓度与盐度具有较为稳定的正相关关系,而Ca2+和Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性较弱.在对于某一特定水化学类型的湖泊,一般碳酸盐型湖泊的Mg2+、Ca2+以及Mg/Ca等指标与盐度均没有明显的相关性;硫酸盐型湖泊中Mg2+浓度和盐度呈现较高的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍很弱;而在氯化物型湖泊中,Mg2+浓度与盐度呈更高的正相关性,Ca2+浓度也与盐度呈一定的正相关性,Mg/Ca这一指标与盐度的相关性依然很弱.而对某一特定湖泊,在不同演化阶段或不同的采样地点,Mg2+浓度与盐度仍然保持明显的正相关关系,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca与盐度的相关性仍然不稳定或很弱.在青藏高原作古环境重建应用的时候,湖水Mg2+浓度是古盐度一个较好的转换指标,而Ca2+以及Mg/Ca的古盐度指示意义相对较弱.     

Benchmark on the numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic evolution of tidal channels and tidal inlets

A correct understanding of the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of tidal basins is of fundamental importance for the fate of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. If on one hand, the development of sophisticated numerical models is called for in order to reproduce the complexity of the mechanisms governing the morphodynamic evolution of many natural environments, including lagoons, on the other hand, a clear knowledge of the reliability and limits of the results provided by these models is crucial in order to establish the condition under which they can be safely applied. To this aim, researchers involved in numerical modeling in the framework of the recent Corila research programmes, agreed to perform an accurate comparison of results provided by three different numerical models, applying them to the test case offered by the experimental investigations performed under controlled conditions by Tambroni et al. (2005a). Here, we consider the following numerical models: (i) a 2D finite element hydrodynamic model coupled with a 2D finite volume morphodynamic model (5 and 3); (ii) a 2D finite element morphodynamic model (Ferrarin et al., 2008); (iii) a 2D depth-averaged model for the inlet region, coupled with a 1D model for the channel (Tambroni et al., 2005b). A first set of simulations concerns the fixed bed case and shows that all the models provide similar results: in particular, they are able to predict the observed free surface oscillations satisfactorily, while comparison with the measured velocity field is less satisfactory. Moreover, as far as the flow field at the inlet is concerned, the models describe accurately the potential flow into the channel during the flood phase, while they are not able to adequately reproduce the occurrence of the fine structure of the shear layers shed by the inlet edges during the ebb phase. This limit is related to the shallow water character of the models. As for the morphodynamics, the long term equilibrium configurations of the bottom of the channel and of the near inlet region show qualitative agreement with the experimental observations, although in this case the differences between the results provided by the distinct numerical approaches are more marked.     

SWAT model application and prediction uncertainty analysis in the Lake Tana Basin,Ethiopia

Lake Tana Basin is of significant importance to Ethiopia concerning water resources aspects and the ecological balance of the area. Many years of mismanagement, wetland losses due to urban encroachment and population growth, and droughts are causing its rapid deterioration. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance and applicability of the soil water assessment tool (SWAT) model for prediction of streamflow in the Lake Tana Basin, so that the influence of topography, land use, soil and climatic condition on the hydrology of Lake Tana Basin can be well examined. The physically based SWAT model was calibrated and validated for four tributaries of Lake Tana. Sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI‐2), parameter solution (ParaSol) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) calibration and uncertainty analysis methods were compared and used for the set‐up of the SWAT model. The model evaluation statistics for streamflows prediction shows that there is a good agreement between the measured and simulated flows that was verified by coefficients of determination and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0·5. The hydrological water balance analysis of the basin indicated that baseflow is an important component of the total discharge within the study area that contributes more than the surface runoff. More than 60% of losses in the watershed are through evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Origin of CO_2 in natural gas from the Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Northeast Sichuan Basin

The natural gas from the Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Northeast Sichuan Basin contains high H2S whereas relatively low CO2 concentrations and the CO2 display high δ13C values (ranging from -5.81‰ to 3.3‰ (PDB)). This seems to contradict the conventional wisdom that TSR should be a primary source of CO2 in natural gas from the Feixianguan Formation. In contrast, many authigenic calcite samples from these sites display very low δ13C values (ranging from -18.4‰ to -10.3‰ (PDB)). This suggests that the carbon from TSR source dominated the formation of calcite whereas the carbon from inorganic source came into CO2 in natural gas. In order to assess the origin of CO2 from these H2S-rich sites, we have calculated the relative contributions of organic and inorganic carbon sources to the CO2 and authigenic calcite. The organic carbon source possibly originated from TSR, whereas the inorganic one might be generated from marine carbonates dissolution. This calculation is based on the carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 and authigenic calcite as well as an isotopic mass balance. The results show that the contribution of organic carbon source to the CO2 is only 2%, whereas that to authigenic calcite is as high as 43% on average. Such results combined with thermodynamic evidence indicate that the isotopically light CO2 produced by TSR process may contribute to authigenic calcite precipitation during burial diagenesis. Distinguishable from Ordovician reservoir of Tarim Basin, Feixianguan reservoir of Northeast Sichuan Basin experienced rapid tectonic uplift due to Yanshanian movement after TSR occurred. Such tectonic event could induce temperature decrease and further promote carbonates dissolution. During these processes, secondary porosity has developed in Feixianguan carbonate reservoirs. Therefore, much attention should be paid to the structural highs in search of high quality carbonate reservoirs.     

CO_2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价方法及初步评价

借鉴国外CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性调查评价工作程序,在充分考虑我国复杂的地质背景、CO2地质储存研究现状等因素的基础上,将我国CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价工作划分国家级潜力评价阶段、盆地级潜力评价阶段、目标区级潜力评价阶段、场地级评价阶段、灌注、监测运行期评价阶段,按评价精度由低到高,分称为CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价E、D、C、B、A级;并对我国CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性进行了E级评价,即运用层次分析-模糊指数法对我国陆相沉积盆地进行了初步筛选,并对其储量进行了计算,认为我国陆上沉积盆地深部咸水含水层是最主要的CO2地质储量场所。     

黄精复方治疗气阴两虚型2型糖尿病32例临床观察

目的：探讨黄精复方治疗气阴两虚型2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法：将气阴两虚型2型糖尿病患者64 例随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各32 例。所有患者均采取饮食、运动等生活方式干预,对照组口服二甲双胍片治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用黄精复方治疗,疗程均为12周。观察2组综合疗效及治疗前后中医证候积分、体质量指数（BMI）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的变化,记录2组不良反应。结果：总有效率治疗组为87.50%（28/32）,高于对照组的59.37%（19/32）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。2组中医证候积分、BMI、FBG、2hPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论：黄精复方治疗气阴两虚型2型糖尿病可以缓解患者的中医证候,降低血糖、血脂,改善胰岛功能,从而提高临床疗效。