中国古地图起源探讨

关于中国地图如何起源的问题，在中国地图史研究的论文中还不多见，有关地图史的书籍中也很少论述，所以中国古地图起源问题已成为地图学史界一个悬而未决的问题。作者认为，原始社会已出现了描述自然现象的图画，而这些图画先于象形文字出现，尽管也有描述自然景物的图画，但还不是真正意义上的地图，只能算作地物画。夏末商初象形文字出现后，产生于原始社会的地物画与象形文字还没有明显的差别，于是形成了地物画与象形文字融为一体的地图发展阶段。周灭商后，由于生产和征战的需要，具有明显主题思想和实际使用价值的地图大量出现。     

物理守恒律保真格式构造与数值预报斜压原始方程传统谱模式改进研究

文中构造并证明了一般二次和三次物理守恒律时间差分保真格式两个构造定理，以往一些主要时间离散守恒格式构造方案可作为两个定理特例给出。它们不仅可为解决更加广泛类别的时间离散保真格式构造基本问题提供适用数学基础，而且也为结合已有瞬时空间离散守恒格式，解决更加广泛类别的时－空离散意义下保真格式构造基本问题提供适用的数学基础。此外，文中两个定理还可解决两大类问题的线性和非线性计算不稳定性问题。斜压原始方程传统半隐式全球谱－垂直有限差分模式目前是世界上许多国家的业务预报和大气环流模式。本工作利用文中新构定理，构造并且实现了斜压原始方程全球谱－垂直有限差分模式半隐式高阶全能量守恒方案。以往该项基本问题无论在理论还是实践上长期以来一直都未能得到解决。该项全能量守恒半隐式全球谱模式方案适用于实测资料的长时间数值预报积分。使用ＦＧＧＥ夏季资料进行的１３个个例３０ｄ数值积分实验表明：新型全能量半隐式保真方案可以有效地改进传统预报方案中关于能量质量守恒性质的系统性偏差。值得注意的是，实验统计分析还显示：在本文实验条件下，传统方案中由于时间离散过程中原物理守恒律性质破坏导致的系统误差（简称Ｚ类误差），对于实验总体均方根系统误差的贡献     

南极陨石研究的启示Ⅷ:原始无球粒陨石及其成因

近年来,在南极和非南极地区回收的异常陨石中已识别８个原始无球粒陨石群：斜方辉石－橄榄石无球粒陨石、富橄榄石无球粒陨石、橄榄古铜陨铁、橄辉无球粒陨石、顽辉石－镁橄榄石无球粒陨石及ＡＢ－ＣＤ硅酸盐、顽辉石无球粒陨石及钛辉无球粒陨石。斜方辉石－橄榄石无球粒陨石及橄榄古铜陨铁具有相似的矿物学、矿物成分、热历史、氧同位素组成及宇宙射线暴露年龄,他们系来自共同的母体。ＡＢ－ＣＤ硅酸盐及顽辉石－镁橄榄石无球粒陨石的氧同位素组成、化学及矿物学也相似,认为他们来自共同的母体。在考察岩石学证据的基础上,将ＡＢ－ＣＤ硅酸盐和顽辉石－镁橄榄石无球粒陨石、富橄榄石无球粒陨石、斜方辉石－橄榄石无球粒陨石及橄榄古铜陨铁以及橄辉无球粒陨石划分为非岩浆型的原始无球粒陨石,他们为高度变质并伴随不同程度部分熔融的岩石;而顽辉石无球粒陨石及钛辉无球粒陨石为火成岩石,但未受到广泛的分异作用和分异形成不同岩性的岩石,将其划分为岩浆型的原始无球粒陨石。到目前为止,共有六个原始无球粒陨石母体。     

34层线性球面原始方程谱模式与模式大气对地形强迫的响应

本文建立了一个34层包括牛顿冷却、Rayleigh摩擦和非绝热加热线性原始方程谱模式。用此模式对地形强迫为下边界条件进行时间积分。结果表明,此模式计算稳定,有较好的精度及计算时间节省的特点模式的积分结果还表明,此模式对球面大气准定常行星波的形成和传播有较好的描写能力。     

Moist baroclinic instability and the growth of monsoon depressions— linear and nonlinear studies

The objective of this study was two-fold: the first to investigate the role of moist convection and nongeostrophic effects on the growth of the monsoon depressions using a linearized multi-level moist primitive equation (PE) model and quasi-geostrophic (QG) model with only vertical shear. The second was to study the nonlinear evolution, growth, movement and detailed energetics of the monsoon depressions using a nonlinear moist global spectral model. Our linear studies using both models revealed lower as well as upper tropospheric growing modes. For the lower tropospheric modes the shorter scales were found to grow faster. While the PE model showed faster growth rate for shorter scales, as compared to longer scales, the QG model showed less tendency for scale selection. The shorter scales in PE model had phase speeds ranging from 4 to — 1 ms−1 and in QG model from 8 to — 4 ms−1. The nongeostrophic effects were found to be, in general, important. One of the lower tropospheric modes with wavelength 2500 km was found to have many features similar to the observed monsoon depression of the Bay of Bengal. In the upper troposphere the PE model showed much faster growth rates compared to the QG model. Also the fastest growing mode with a doubling time of 2.5 days had a scale of 6000 km. This was shorter than the scale predicted in the QG model. This mode had many characteristics similar to the observed features of the monsoon upper tropospheric easterly waves. Using a nonlinear global spectral model, we simulated the monsoon depression around 21°N starting from an antisymmetric heating distribution (with respect to the equator) and with a specific vertical structure with and without basic flows. The model was integrated for a period of five days incorporating a simple form of cumulus heating. The simulated model disturbance showed a pronounced growth and a westward movement in the presence of cumulus heating. The detailed energetics calculations revealed that the baroclinic energy exchange is the primary energy exchange process and cumulus heating is the driving force for the generation of available potential energy.     

火山岩层原始构造节理研究的一种数学分析方法及其应用

根据原始构造节理系统中节理间特殊的几何关系,本文提出一种数学分析方法及其电算程序,对其进行了研究。宁芜地区一些古火山构造用该法解析成功的实例,证明此种方法是可行的。     

Geographies of uncertainty in the health benefits of air quality improvements

Assessing the long-term benefits of marginal improvements in air quality from regulatory intervention is methodologically challenging. In this study, we explore how the relative risks (RRs) of mortality from air pollution exposure change over time and whether patterns in the RRs can be attributed to air quality improvements. We employed two-stage multilevel Cox models to describe the association between air pollution and mortality for 51 cities with data from the American Cancer Society (ACS) cohort (N = 264,299, deaths = 69,819). New pollution data were computed through models that predict yearly average fine particle (PM_2.5) concentrations throughout the follow-up (1982–2000). Average PM_2.5 concentrations from 1999 to 2000 and sulfate concentrations from 1980 were also examined. We estimated the RRs of mortality associated with air pollution separately for five time periods (1982–1986, 1987–1990, 1991–1994, 1995–1998, and 1999–2000). Mobility models were implemented with a sub-sample of 100,557 subjects to assist with interpreting the RR estimates. Sulfate RRs exhibit a large decline from the 1980s to the 1990s. In contrast, PM_2.5 RRs follow the opposite pattern, with larger RRs later in the 1990s. The reduction in sulfate RR may have resulted from air quality improvements that occurred through the 1980s and 1990s in response to the acid rain control program. PM_2.5 concentrations also declined in many places, but toxic mobile sources are now the largest contributors to PM in urban areas. This may account for the heightened RR of mortality associated with PM_2.5 in the 1990s. The paper concludes with a three alternative explanations for the temporal pattern of RRs, each emphasizing the uncertainty in ascribing health benefits to air quality improvements.     

鲁西地区寒武纪原始真牙形石分类方案的探讨

鲁西地区晚寒武世地层发育，产有数量丰富、分异度大的原始真牙形石分子，经笔者研究，建立了2新属、2新种及2未定种Camconodontus rotundatus geo et sp．nov．，Camconodontus sp．，Laiwunodus lateronodus gen et sp．nov．，Laiwunodus sp．；对Das ytodus属进行了补充修订，建立了1新种Dasytodus posteronodus sp．nov．。这些属种的建立丰富了对已有原始真牙形石概念的认识。基于内部构造的观察，对原始真牙形石及部分易混淆的副牙形石进行正确的分类。以此为基础，分析、总结了这些分子外部形态上的差异，选用的分类原则和标准是从一般到特殊、特征明显程度逐渐降低，划分出了三类原始真牙形石和一类副牙形石，这在很大程度上简化了早期真牙形石分类研究的复杂性，为早期真牙形石的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Temporal–compositional trends over short and long time-scales in basalts of the Big Pine Volcanic Field, California

Primitive basaltic single eruptions in the Big Pine Volcanic Field (BPVF) of Owens Valley, California show systematic temporal–compositional variation that cannot be described by simple models of fractional crystallization, partial melting of a single source, or crustal contamination. We targeted five monogenetic eruption sequences in the BPVF for detailed chemical and isotopic measurements and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating, focusing primarily on the Papoose Canyon sequence. The vent of the primitive (Mg# = 69) Papoose Canyon sequence (760.8 ± 22.8 ka) produced magmas with systematically decreasing (up to a factor of two) incompatible element concentrations, at roughly constant MgO (9.8 ± 0.3 (1σ) wt.%) and Na₂O. SiO₂ and compatible elements (Cr and Ni) show systematic increases, while ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr systematically decreases (0.7063–0.7055) and ε_Nd increases (− 3.4 to − 1.1). ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os is highly radiogenic (0.20–0.31), but variations among four samples do not correlate with other chemical or isotopic indices, are not systematic with respect to eruption order, and thus the Os system appears to be decoupled from the dominant trends. The single eruption trends likely result from coupled melting and mixing of two isotopically distinct sources, either through melt-rock interaction or melting of a lithologically heterogeneous source. The other four sequences, Jalopy Cone (469.4 ± 9.2 ka), Quarry Cone (90.5 ±17.6 ka), Volcanic Bomb Cone (61.6 ± 23.4 ka), and Goodale Bee Cone (31.8 ± 12.1 ka) show similar systematic temporal decreases in incompatible elements. Monogenetic volcanic fields are often used to decipher tectonic changes on the order of 10⁵–10⁶ yr through long-term changes in lava chemistry. However, the systematic variation found in Papoose Canyon (10⁰–10² yr) nearly spans that of the entire volcanic field, and straddles cutoffs for models of changing tectonic regime over much longer time-scales. Moreover, ten new ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages combined with chemistry from all BPVF single eruption sequences show the long-term trend of BPVF evolution comprises the overlapping, temporal–compositional trends of the monogenetic vents. This suggests that the single eruption sequences contain the bulk of the systematic chemical variation, whereas their aggregate compositions define the long-term trend of volcanic field evolution.     

Potential of EPR imaging to detect traces of primitive life in sedimentary rocks

In the prospect of the search for traces of primitive life on Earth and Mars, we investigated the possibility to detect and visualize the spatial distribution of minute amounts of organic matter in ancient rocks, in a non-destructive way, by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI). We studied a series of non- or moderately metamorphosed siliceous rocks (cherts) of different ages ranging from 45 Ma to 3490 Ma and embedding fossile organic matter. In the case of the oldest cherts containing only mature insoluble organic matter (IOM), with IOM^• radicals characterized by a single Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) line, we could obtain three-dimensional images with sub-millimetric resolution of the organic matter distribution inside samples containing as low as 10¹⁴–10¹⁵ radicals per gram. In the case of younger cherts, containing less mature organic matter, and thus several types of organic radicals, we showed that selective imaging of each type of radical was possible provided that the EPR spectra did not overlap. Selective imaging of either the organic radicals or of the oxygen vacancy (E' centres) of the mineral matrix, which are ubiquitous in siliceous rocks, was possible, selecting either one or the other paramagnetic species with high power in-phase, 1st harmonic detection or with 90°-out-of-phase, 2nd harmonic detection of the EPR. The influence of ferromagnetic inclusions in the mineral matrix on the EPRI of the organic matter was also addressed. Image artifacts due to the ferromagnetic resonance signal of these inclusions could be easily removed by background substraction from the EPR spectra before image reconstruction. We thus showed that selective imaging by EPR of minute amounts of fossile organic matter in ancient rocks could be possible despite the magnetic complexity of such materials.