Explanation of land use in mountainous area,China: from field to village level

Few studies of land use change were particularly considered the hierarchical data structure originating from different scales and levels. Using interviewing data collected from 107 villages, 1,050 households and 4,780 fields between November 2003 and August 2005, the objective of this paper is to predict the occurrence of land use from field to village level in mountainous area, China, and to improve our understanding of the causes of land use. Household’s behavior in the choice of land use type is guided by multiple, often confiding, household objectives, subject to the available resources, possible productive activities, and external economic and biophysical constraints. For rice model, the household level variables cannot be substituted by village level aggregates. Aggregated variables at village level do not capture any of the variability at the household level. Village level variables can virtually be explained in virtue of the variables of field and household level. The households and the villages show significant clustering of the occurrence of rice, and they explain the 11.3 and 4.5% variance, respectively. For corn model, corn as dependent variable does not show any significant variance component. The variables of household and village level have lower effects on the occurrence of corn. There is a significant relation between slope of a field and the choice to cultivate corn and a significant random effect at the village level. However, cropland size, input–output, transportation cost, even family income in household level and road density and food market development in village level, at some extent, are controlled by slope. These variables do not influence corn cultivation significantly and that those are predominantly determined by slope. In a word, the household level can be crucial in explaining land use at the field level. Multilevel analysis can be applied to statistically model the occurrence of land use, and to explore a number of cross-scale propositions. An erratum to this article can be found at     

利用线特征和SIFT点特征进行多源遥感影像配准

提出了一种基于线特征和SIFT点特征的多源遥感影像配准方法。该方法首先匹配待配准影像和参考影像中的线特征,利用匹配直线构建虚拟角点;其次,针对传统SIFT算法匹配多源遥感影像特征点存在的不足,采用线特征约束点特征的方法进行SIFT同名点对的提取;最后结合虚拟角点对及SIFT同名点对构建三角网进行小面元微分纠正。试验结果表明,本文方法能取得较高的配准精度。     

P-Vector inverse method evaluated using the modular ocean model (MOM)

Several major inverse methods (Stommel-Schott method, Wunsch method, and Bernoulli method) have been successfully developed to quantitatively estimate the geostrophic velocity at the reference level from hydrographic data. No matter the different appeance, they are based on the same dynamical sophistication: geostrophy, hydrostatic, and potential density (ϱ) conservation (Davis, 1978). The current inverse methods are all based on two conservation principles: potential density and potential vorticity (q=f∂ϱ/∂z) and require β-turning. Thus, two necessary conditions can be incorporated into any inverse methods: (1) non-coincidence of potential density and potential vorticity surfaces and (2) existence of vertical turning of the velocity (β-turning). This can be done using the P-Vector, a unit vector in the direction of ▽ϱ×▽q (Chu, 1994, 1995). The first necessary condition becomes the existence of the P-vector, and the second necessary condition leads to the existence of the P-vector turning in the water column. Along this line, we developed the P-vector inverse emthod with a pre-requirement check-up. The method was verified in this study using the Modular Ocean Model (MOM) from Pacanowskiet al. (1991) version of Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation model (OGCM), which is based on the work of Bryan (1969). The statistically steady solutions of temperature and salinity from MOM are used as a “no-error data” set for computing absolute geostrophic velocities by the P-vector inverse method. Circulations are similar between the MOM statistically steady solutions and the P-vector solutions. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis shows that this inverse method has capability of picking up the major signal of the velocity field.     

再论全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式的设计

在修正的MM4和一个有限域变网格差分模式的基础上,设计了全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式。可以证明:设计的模式具有质量、能量守恒等整体性质,并具有正确的动、位能转换关系。为了克服高纬地区经线辐合带来的时间步长须取得很小的问题,给出了不进行滤波处理并仍能保持整体性质的解决办法。     

最早期脊椎动物的镶嵌演化

采自云南昆明市海口地区下寒武统筇竹寺组的昆明鱼为活埋标本 ,其软躯体构造保存极为精美 ;来自同一层位的海口鱼为正常死亡后埋藏 ,除身体最后部略有腐烂外 ,整体特征保存良好。这两种鱼皆呈鱼形 ,不仅具带鳃软骨的原始头颅和比无头类简单“人”字形肌节更为复杂的双“人”字形肌节 ,而且还发育了原始偶鳍和围心腔构造 ,表明它们已演化成高等脊索动物有头类 ( Craniata)或称脊椎动物 ( Vertebrata)。另一方面 ,它们的低骨化性 (如尚未发育出真正的脊椎骨 )和生殖系统演化的滞后性 (仍具多对生殖腺 )等原始特征 ,使它们呈现典型的镶嵌演化性。     

一种改进的简单的估算原始岩浆的方法

利用橄榄石和熔浆的Fe—Mg分配系数,制作了MgO—FeO演化图解。根据MgO—FeO体系中Fo橄榄石的Fo值:Fo=n(Mg)÷n(Mg)+n(Fen(Mg)/n(Mg)+n(Fe))等值线与Fe—Mg演化曲线交点确定原始岩浆成分。该图解优点在于可以更简单、直观地判别原始岩浆成分,适用于橄榄石分离结晶体系。同时介绍了该图解的使用方法,并以峨眉山大火成岩省丽江地区的大具与仕满两个剖面的苦橄岩为例,说明如何应用该图解来恢复原始岩浆以及解释岩石的成因。研究结果表明,仕满地区原始岩浆MgO、FeO含量分别为23.5%和12.8%,部分熔融程度较高,SM-14和SM-15是由仕满原始岩浆经过轻度橄榄石分离结晶形成的,基本可以代表原始岩浆成分。大具地区原始岩浆可分为两类,一类部分熔融程度较低,MgO、FeO含量分别为19.8%和11.3%;另一类部分熔融程度较高,MgO、FeO含量分别为23%和13.3%,与仕满原始岩浆成分类似。大具地区的岩石样品成分均不能代表该地区的原始岩浆成分,而是经历了明显的橄榄石分离结晶作用。另外,峨眉山大火成岩省中绝大多数的玄武岩中CaO含量不符合橄榄石分离结晶关系,并且MgO含量一般都低于8%,以及岩石中普遍出现单斜辉石和斜长石矿物等都表明这些玄武岩不可能由地幔部分熔融形成的原始岩浆直接通过橄榄石分离结晶作用形成。     

Multilevel built environment features and individual odds of overweight and obesity in Utah

Based on the data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 2007, 2009 and 2011 in Utah, this research uses multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine the associations between neighborhood built environments and individual odds of overweight and obesity after controlling for individual risk factors. The BRFSS data include information on 21,961 individuals geocoded to zip code areas. Individual variables include BMI (body mass index) and socio-demographic attributes such as age, gender, race, marital status, education attainment, employment status, and whether an individual smokes. Neighborhood built environment factors measured at both zip code and county levels include street connectivity, walk score, distance to parks, and food environment. Two additional neighborhood variables, namely the poverty rate and urbanicity, are also included as control variables. MLM results show that at the zip code level, poverty rate and distance to parks are significant and negative covariates of the odds of overweight and obesity; and at the county level, food environment is the sole significant factor with stronger fast food presence linked to higher odds of overweight and obesity. These findings suggest that obesity risk factors lie in multiple neighborhood levels and built environment features need to be defined at a neighborhood size relevant to residents' activity space.     

水下图像基于 GAN 去模糊的增强技术

利用海洋模式FVCOM(FiniteVolume,primitiveequationCommunityOceanModel)建立了一个高分辨率的舟山附近海域潮汐潮流模型,通过与历史实测资料进行对比验证了模型模拟结果的可靠性,表明模型可以较好地描述舟山附近海域潮汐潮流运动状况。基于模型的模拟结果,估算与分析了舟山西堠门水道的潮流能资源,结果表明,西堠门水道的潮流以往复流为主,年平均流速和年最大流速分别超过1.2m/s和2.6m/s,年平均能流密度和年最大能流密度分别超过1.2kW/m2 和6.5kW/m2;西堠门水道的平均流速和平均能流密度存在3处峰值区,其值大小由西北向东南递增;西堠门水道流速和能流密度的季节分布特征相似,1月(冬季)的流速和能流密度最大,4月(春季)和10月(秋季)次之,7月(夏季)最小。结合潮流能发电站选址原则,本文认为册子岛西北岬角处海域可选为西堠门水道潮流能发电站的最佳场址,其总平均功率和有效功率分别为30.0 MW 和4.5 MW,与当前已经运行的潮流能发电站相比较,该选址区域的发电能力较为可观,具有极大开发潜力。     

云南省大坪金矿区二长花岗岩的 地球化学特征及地质意义

[摘 要] 大坪金矿区岩浆活动频繁,矿区出露的二长花岗岩体规模较大,岩性为中粗粒二长花岗岩。在岩石化学组成上,SiO₂含量为67.32%～71.71%、Al₂O₃为14.54%～16.66%,属于过铝质花岗岩类。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、U、Rb 和Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE)、相对亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb和Ti), 且Ta、Nb 和Ti 具“TNT"负异常;啄Eu 值为0. 80～1. 44,负Eu 异常不明显;87 Sr/ 86 Sr 值范围为0.7078～0. 7436,均值0. 7256,高于原始地幔现代值0.7045;¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd 值范围为0. 5119～0. 5122,均值0. 5120,低于原始地幔现代值0. 512638;ε_Nd值范围为-2. 5～-4.2,均值-3.98。表明矿区二长花岗岩源区应来自于“壳-幔混合带"的部分熔融,形成于同碰撞或碰撞晚期的构造环境。二长花岗岩体与大坪金矿成矿流体具有相同源区,岩体为大坪金矿的形成提供了热源和主要成矿流体。     

内蒙古大兴安岭原始林区气温和相对湿度变化分析

文章利用内蒙古大兴安岭原始林区2006年气温和相对湿度数据,分析了该林区的气温和相对湿度变化情况。结果表明:2006年内蒙古大兴安岭林区气温的日、年变化曲线呈余弦曲线型,各高度气温的日年变化极值不同,月平均气温最高值出现在7月份,最低值出现在1月份,日、年较差随高度的增加而减小;林区相对湿度的日年变化曲线呈正弦曲线型,日相对湿度最高值出现在04时,为79%,最低值出现在14时,为10%。年相对湿度最高值出现在6月,为81%,最低值出现在5月,为53%。