Analysis of village accessibility and its impact on land use dynamics in a mountainous province of northern Vietnam

Surveys carried out in mountainous areas of northern Vietnam at research sites selected across a gradient of market integration, revealed strong relationships between the location of the village with respect to the national road network and the nature of its land-use systems, its poverty level and more generally its potential for development. We developed and tested in Bac Kan province a method to give an objective and quantitative definition of accessibility over a large geographic area. Accessibility maps integrated in a provincial GIS showed that despite recent improvements to the road network, some remote areas do not benefit from recent development.     

贵州喀斯特山区墓地利用管理与耕地保护

通过对贵州亮岩峰丛山地的墓地进行随机抽样调查和统计分析,显示出墓地在一定坡度上的特定地段有集中趋势;在对墓地选址与土层厚度进行显著性检验后表明:喀斯特地区土层厚度著性影响墓地分布。以至于绝大多数墓地集中分布在日照较好、排水畅通、土层较厚的阳坡山麓地带,以占用土层较厚的优质耕地为主。在现实的墓地利用管理实践中,实施统一规划、集中管理,建立有偿使用制度、严格用地指标,加强墓地绿化,实行墓地园林化建设等措施,以期综合性多元化开发利用墓地,有效保护耕地资源。     

Spatial and temporal variability of stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) in surface waters of arid,mountainous Central Asia

Characterization of spatial and temporal variability of stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of surface waters is essential to interpret hydrological processes and establish modern isotope–elevation gradients across mountainous terrains. Here, we present stable isotope data for river waters across Kyrgyzstan. River water isotopes exhibit substantial spatial heterogeneity among different watersheds in Kyrgyzstan. Higher river water isotope values were found mainly in the Issyk‐Kul Lake watershed, whereas waters in the Son‐Kul Lake watershed display lower values. Results show a close δ¹⁸O–δ²H relation between river water and the local meteoric water line, implying that river water experiences little evaporative enrichment. River water from the high‐elevation regions (e.g., Naryn and Son‐Kul Lake watershed) had the most negative isotope values, implying that river water is dominated by snowmelt. Higher deuterium excess (average d = 13.9‰) in river water probably represents the isotopic signature of combined contributions from direct precipitation and glacier melt in stream discharge across Kyrgyzstan. A significant relationship between river water δ¹⁸O and elevation was observed with a vertical lapse rate of 0.13‰/100 m. These findings provide crucial information about hydrological processes across Kyrgyzstan and contribute to a better understanding of the paleoclimate/elevation reconstruction of this region.     

Modeling the risk of spread and establishment for Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in Massachusetts from 2008-2009

Land managers responsible for invasive species removal in the USA require tools to prevent the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) (ALB) from decimating the maple-dominant hardwood forests of Massachusetts and New England. Species distribution models (SDMs) and spread models have been applied individually to predict the invasion distribution and rate of spread, but the combination of both models can increase the accuracy of predictions of species spread over time when habitat suitability is heterogeneous across landscapes. First, a SDM was fit to 2008 ALB presence-only locations. Then, a stratified spread model was generated to measure the probability of spread due to natural and human causes. Finally, the SDM and spread models were combined to evaluate the risk of ALB spread in Central Massachusetts in 2008–2009. The SDM predicted many urban locations in Central Massachusetts as having suitable environments for species establishment. The combined model shows the greatest risk of spread and establishment in suitable locations immediately surrounding the epicentre of the ALB outbreak in Northern Worcester with lower risk areas in suitable locations only accessible through long-range dispersal from access to human transportation networks. The risk map achieved an accuracy of 67% using 2009 ALB locations for model validation. This model framework can effectively provide risk managers with valuable information concerning the timing and spatial extent of spread/establishment risk of ALB and potential strategies needed for effective future risk management efforts.     

遥感在宁夏贺兰山东北段1∶50000区域地质调查中的应用研究

以SPOT5及ETM+影像为基础数据,采用3D GIS遥感技术,通过对研究区岩性地层、线性构造、环形构造等地质体的遥感影像特征系统总结,结合野外调查,建立岩性地层及构造解译标志,对宁夏贺兰山东北段1∶50 000区域地质调查工作区进行遥感地质解译。解译结果表明:研究区西部多被贺兰山岩群和古元古代花岗岩覆盖,中部及东南部大部分为第四系和新近系地层;东部石峡谷、黑龙贵及老石旦镇地区,主要出露地层有奥陶系及寒武系;研究区构造发育,主要分布在西部贺兰山基岩区,共解译出线性构造113条,以NEE向和近SN向线性构造最为发育,线性构造相互切割,形成"块状"特征;环形构造33个,在区域上总体呈SN向条带状分布;褶皱4处,均为紧密型褶皱组合;不整合界线1条;总体呈"西部构造发育,局部呈块状,东西差异明显"的特点。实践表明,在1∶50 000区域地质调查中应用遥感和GIS相结合的方法,对提高区域地层构造认识以及遥感解译精度有较大帮助,能有效提高填图质量和工作效率,在区域地质调查工作中有良好的应用价值。     

大兴安岭北部额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩岩石地球化学特征及成因

额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩的岩石地球化学成分显示其以粗安岩为主,少量安山岩和玄武安山岩。该组火山岩SiO_2含量为53.47%~58.50%,全碱含量为[w(K_2O+Na_2O)]4.27%~7.68%,w(MgO)=1.76%~4.03%,Mg~#=0.34~0.51;微量元素分析表明,稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土富集右倾型,轻重稀土元素分馏较强[(La/Yb)_N=16.35~33.73],富集Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE),Eu负异常不明显(δEu=0.89~0.92)。地球化学等特征表明塔木兰沟组火山岩未经受明显的地壳物质混染,岩浆来源于俯冲流体交代形成的富集岩石圈地幔,经历了以分离结晶作用为主导的演化过程。综合研究认为,额尔古纳地区塔木兰沟组火山岩形成于岩石圈伸展构造环境,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后的后造山伸展体制有关。     

新疆博格达山北麓白杨河剖面页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过博格达山北麓白杨河剖面芦草沟组页岩的地球化学特征的综合研究,讨论了芦草沟组页岩的元素富集特征和沉积环境以及源区物源特征和构造背景。结果表明:1研究区页岩P元素极为富集,这受控于页岩中凝灰质火山灰夹层的广泛发育;2对比于世界页岩微量元素分布,白杨河页岩相对富集Li、B、Pr、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Lu元素,其他元素相对亏损;3白杨河剖面页岩地化参数揭示芦草沟组自下而上气候由温湿向干热转变,进而引起水体由淡水向咸水的转变和还原程度的进一步加强;4物源区遭受低级-中等风化程度,物源类型主要为长英质火成岩,其次为铁镁质火成岩;5物源区大地构造背景以大陆岛弧-活动大陆边缘构造背景为主。     

米仓山新民角闪辉长岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

扬子板块西北缘新元古代岩浆作用的研究对于探讨Rodinia超大陆的构造演化具有重要意义,对米仓山新民地区角闪辉长岩的岩石学和地球化学分析结果表明,岩石Si O2含量较低且变化范围较小,岩石富Al和Ca,低K、Ti、P,Mg#值中等,属于亚碱性低钾拉斑岩石系列。岩石具有稀土元素总量相对较低、相对富集轻稀土元素和轻重稀土元素分馏程度低的特征,具弱Eu正异常,δEu=1.03~2.36。岩石总体上富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Hf、Th等),87Sr/86Sr=0.703 858,143Nd/144Nd=0.512 617,εNd(t)=+3.1。综合区域地质、地球化学特征,该岩体岩浆起源于亏损地幔的部分熔融,在上升侵位过程中可能受到了地壳物质的混染。在这时期,扬子板块北缘处于汇聚环境,新民角闪辉长岩形成于弧后盆地的构造环境,是Rodinia超大陆在新元古代期间演化过程中岩浆作用的产物。     

点苍山-哀牢山杂岩带中北段嘎洒地区变沉积岩的成因矿物学与变质演化特征

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带中北段嘎洒地区出露了多种典型的变沉积岩,其中夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩和二云母片岩保存多期/多阶段矿物相转变特征,本文通过岩相学和矿物化学的综合分析,并结合传统矿物对温压计的估算结果,限定上述典型变沉积岩峰期角闪-麻粒岩相(M1)阶段、近等温减压-高温剪切变形阶段(M2)和晚期退变质(M3)阶段的矿物组合及变质温压条件。峰期角闪-麻粒岩相(M1)阶段的矿物组合为:石榴石(Grt)+板柱状夕线石(Sil1)+黑云母(Bt1)+钾长石(Kfs)+斜长石(Pl)+石英(Qtz)+钛铁矿(Ilm),变质温度压力条件为t=690~750℃,p=690~810 MPa;近等温减压-高温剪切变形阶段(M2)阶段,稳定矿物组合为:Grt+Sil2+Bt2+Kfs+Pl+Qtz+Ilm,黑云母在强烈走滑剪切作用下发生脱水熔融反应:2 Bt→Sil+6(Mg,Fe)O+K_2O+5 Qtz+2 H_2O,石榴石、黑云母和夕线石等受到剪切变形影响而发生强烈定向,形成的温度压力条件为t=650~720℃,p=450~630 MPa;晚期退变质阶段(M_3)的稳定矿物组合为:Qtz+Bt+Ms+Pl,退变的温度压力条件为t=580~640℃,p=400~500MPa。其变质演化p-T轨迹样式具有近等温减压的顺时针型式,表明点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带曾经历了一次明显的俯冲-碰撞造山事件,峰期变质可达到角闪-麻粒岩相;在碰撞后的构造折返过程中,上述变质岩石发生强烈的高温剪切变形作用,并伴随着黑云母等含水矿物的脱水熔融。     

山岭隧道工程综合地质勘察方法探讨

山岭隧道工程具有隐蔽性、施工复杂性、地层条件和周围环境不确定性等特点,采用科学的勘察方法,是查明隧道岩土体工程地质条件的有效手段。本文以海淀区西山隧道为依托,针对隧道工程勘察中的关键地质问题,运用工程地质测绘、钻探、工程物探、水文地质勘查等综合勘察方法,有效地查明隧址区的地质构造、岩土体结构和地下水分布特征,全面、客观地评价隧道进出口段边坡及仰坡稳定性、隧道围岩质量与稳定性、隧道涌水量、地应力及有害气体等工程地质问题,并针对不良地质现象提出防治对策,以期为工期紧张、地形困难且日趋增多的山岭隧道工程地质勘察,提供可以借鉴的模式和方法。