中国人居环境研究的总体特征及其知识图谱可视化分析

基于CNKI、CSCD文献搜索引擎，以及文献计量可视化工具，采用传统文献研究与知识图谱相结合的方法，对1992—2017年中国人居环境研究的总体特征与知识图谱进行了定量识别和全景式展现。结果发现：1）近25年来，中国人居环境研究发文数量显著增长，《建筑学报》《城市规划》《城市发展研究》等期刊是学者的主要科研阵地；2）研究的优势机构和团队主要集中在中国科学院地理与资源研究所，以及辽宁师范大学、清华大学等其他建筑、规划类和师范类院校；3）研究经费多元化趋势明显，国家级基金是最主要的来源。4）在研究热点方面，人居环境、居住环境、宜居城市、人类环境、可持续发展、居住空间等是学者长期重点关注的热点词汇。5）在研究主题与知识基础方面，相关研究内容广泛，主题尚不集中，城市人居环境、宜居城市、居住环境、农村人居环境、自然适宜性、居住生活满意度、人居环境科学、人口发展是受到关注较多的8个热点主题，其知识基础建立在31篇经典文献之上。6）在具体演进轨迹方面，相关研究的知识结构呈连续发展且彼此联系紧密的态势，发展脉络较为清晰，并具有较强的问题导向性和政策导向性；社会经济发展的阶段性和动态性，问题或政策的学科发展导向，以及学者间的合作交流、学科间的交叉融合、技术方法的革新与应用等是其演进的主要驱动力。     

Surface roughness and geological mapping at subhectometer scale from the High Resolution Stereo Camera onboard Mars Express

The quantitative measurement of surface roughness of planetary surfaces at all scales provides insights into geological processes. A characterization of roughness variations at the scale of a few tens of meters is proposed that complements the analysis of local topographic data of the martian surface at kilometer scale, as achieved from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, and at the subcentimeter scale using photometric properties derived from multi-angular observations. Relying on a Gabor filtering process, an algorithm developed in the context of image classification for the purpose of texture analysis has been adapted to handle data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). The derivation of roughness within a wavelength range of tens of meters, combined with analyses at even longer wavelengths, gives an original view of the martian surface. The potential of this approach is evaluated for different examples for which the geological processes are identified and the geological units are mapped and characterized in terms of roughness.     

Harnessing scientific and local knowledge to face climate change in small-scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries in developing regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change, but the assessment of climate-induced changes and impacts are often hampered by the data poor-situation of these social-ecological systems. Based on 40 years of scientific and local ecological knowledge, we provide a coherent narrative about the effects of a marine hotspot of climate change on a small-scale fishery across different geographical and temporal scales. We applied a mixed-methods approach to assess biophysical changes, social-ecological impacts, and the incremental spectrum of actions implemented at multiple levels to increase the adaptive capacity of a small-scale clam fishery. The warming hotspot here analyzed was the fastest-warming region in the South Atlantic Ocean. Long-term changes in wind intensity and direction were also noticeable at a regional scale. Both sea surface temperature and winds showed a clear shifting pattern in the late 1990 s. These climate-related stressors determined ecosystem and targeted population changes (e.g. clam mass mortalities, slow stock recovery rates after ecological shocks, habitat narrowing), and favored harmful algal bloom-forming organisms. Climate-induced drivers also affected the human component of the social-ecological system, preventing fishers from securing a fulltime livelihood and limiting the fishery economic potential. Adaptive responses at multiple levels provided some capacity to address climate change effects, and transformative pathways are being taken to adapt to climate-induced changes over the long-term. Transformative changes were fostered by the local perception of environmental change, shared narratives, sustained scientific monitoring programs, and the interaction between knowledge systems, facilitated by a bridging organization within a broader process of governance transformation. The combination of autonomous adaptations (based on linking social capital and fishery leaders agency) and government-led adaptations were essential to face the challenges imposed by climate change. Our results serve as a learning platform to anticipate threats and envision solutions to a wide range of small-scale fisheries in fast-warming regions worldwide.     

Towards practitioner-initiated interactive knowledge development for sustainable development: A cross-case analysis of three coastal projects

Although the central challenges of sustainable development are well-known, sustainability science has been slow in contributing to effective and feasible solutions for sustainable development. Turning knowledge into action for sustainable development therefore remains a major challenge for sustainability science. Interactive knowledge development is considered a prerequisite for sustainability-oriented action. Most studies approach interactive knowledge development from a researcher's perspective. This paper focuses on practitioners that initiate interactive knowledge development for sustainability-oriented actions. A cross-case analysis is presented for interactive knowledge development in coastal projects. Three cases are analysed through the framework of project arrangements and knowledge arrangements. The projects are located in the Wadden Sea, San Francisco Bay and the Ems estuary and address issues of flood control, nature restoration and liveability. The cross-case analysis revealed 11 causal mechanisms that help explain how project decision-making impacts on interactive knowledge development, how a process of interactive knowledge development functions and what its outcomes are. The mechanisms clarify the key underlying processes of interactive knowledge development in coastal projects. The mechanisms show that interactive knowledge development may result in sustainability-oriented solutions that are feasible for implementation. As such, this paper contributes to a practice-oriented understanding of turning knowledge into action for sustainable coastal development.     

Foregone harvests and neoliberal policies: Creating opportunities for rural,small-scale,community-based fisheries in southern Alaskan coastal villages

Neoliberal policies of effort limitation and privatization have reduced commercial salmon and other fishing opportunities available to the coastal, predominantly Alaska Native, villages of southern Alaska. However, there are a variety of circumstances, including the manner in which the current commercial fishery is prosecuted, that lead to surpluses of unharvested salmon, and potentially other species, available in certain areas. This paper will define the concept of “foregone harvests”, discuss the environmental and managerial conditions that lead to “foregone harvests” and describe the possibilities such conditions create for the development of small-scale, local and community-based fisheries. Case studies of possible Huna Tlingit (Hoonah) and Kaigani Haida (Hydaburg) salmon fisheries will be presented. Alternative arrangements of salmon fisheries and institutions in southeast Alaska are presented through case studies of the villages of Yakutat and Metlakatla. These examples demonstrate how such fisheries could be built on local and traditional knowledge, as well as currently used subsistence technologies resulting in new economic opportunities compatible with local cultural patterns and interests and buttressing local identities and commitments.     

实时智能地震处理系统在2020年四川石渠M5.6地震序列中的应用

实时智能地震处理系统（RISP）是一套基于深度学习技术的新型地震实时处理系统,于2021年6月在四川开始试运行。为了评估该系统在四川台网稀疏区域的地震检测和处理能力,笔者等采用RISP系统对2020年4月1日四川甘孜州石渠县发生的M5.6级地震序列进行了回溯性分析,获得了较为可靠的自动处理地震序列目录,并与人工目录进行了对比分析。震后10d内,RISP系统自动处理获得了386个地震信号,地震数量是正式地震目录的1.98倍,匹配率为97.43%。分析显示,发震时刻偏差小于±1.0 s的地震占比71.05%,震中位置偏差小于10 km的地震占比96.31%,震级偏差小于±0.3级的地震占比99.47%。根据RISP系统检测地震序列分布特征和震源机制解,认为此次地震的发震断层为五道梁—长沙贡玛断裂北东侧的一条未发现的分支断层。研究结果表明,RISP系统的应用可以提升台网稀疏区域的地震检测能力,可快速产出地震序列目录,对大震应急、震后趋势判定和发震构造研究等具有重要意义。     

基于知识图谱的增强型混合式学习的教学实践与思考

随着互联网与信息技术的快速发展,线上线下混合式学习逐渐得到普及与应用。混合式学习强调学生的主体作用,注重学生的自主学习、协作学习和个性化学习,是良好的适合高等教育的创造性学习模式。但是在目前的混合式学习模式下,学生对知识的加工、梳理、整合能力不够,构建完整知识体系的自主学习能力稍显薄弱,因此亟需更多引导。文章综合分析了混合式学习模式的优缺点,建议引入人工智能领域的知识图谱概念,作为新的教学元素以引导和加强学生的自主学习过程,由此构建了基于知识图谱的增强型混合式学习模式。该模式在2020年南京大学《古无脊椎动物学》课程中进行了实践,进一步证明其在改善学生自主学习能力方面的潜力。     

A geomorphological model of susceptibility to the effect of human interventions for environmental licensing determination (SHIELD)

Almost every country requires some form of environmental licensing prior to the inception of development projects that may affect the integrity of the environment and its social context. We developed a new conceptual and methodological model to instruct the assessment of the potential impacts posed by proposed projects. Susceptibility to Human Interventions for Environmental Licensing Determination (SHIELD) includes a novel geomorphological interpretation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It considers the impact of human interventions on geomorphological processes and landscape functioning in the context of the entire ecosystem, going further than the classical concept of vulnerability. Estimated susceptibility of the site informs the screening stage, allowing local conditions to help define the criteria used in the process. Similarly, the level of detail of the environmental baseline is scoped by considering the degree of disturbance of natural processes posed by human intervention. Testing this geomorphological susceptibility model on different kinds of environments would allow shifting the environmental licensing practices from the prevailing anthropocentric and static conception of the environment towards an Ecosystem Approach. SHIELD addresses the need to improve the screening and scoping stages that form the basis of the rest of any EIA. SHIELD introduces several innovations to EIA including the incorporation of fuzzy logic, a preassembled database of contributions form experts, and a shifting of emphasis from the type of proposed intervention to the type of environment and its relative susceptibility.     

Overcoming barriers to climate change information management in small island developing states: lessons from pacific SIDS

We live in a rapidly advancing digital information age where the ability to discover, access and utilize high-quality information in a reliable and timely manner is often assumed to be the norm. However, this is not always the experience of researchers, practitioners and decision makers responding to the challenges of a rapidly changing climate, despite the billions now being made available for investment in climate change adaptation initiatives throughout the world and particularly in developing countries. In recognition of the importance of information in adaptation planning, Article 7.7 of the Paris Agreement sets out clear guidance for parties to develop, share, manage and deliver climate change knowledge, information and data as a means to strengthening cooperation and action on adaptation. This article provides some key lessons and insights on climate change information and knowledge management (IKM) in small island developing States (SIDS) from the perspective of Pacific SIDS. A situation analysis of current climate change IKM practices in Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu was conducted and key barriers to effective climate change IKM identified. The outcome of this article is a range of pragmatic policy considerations for overcoming common barriers to climate change IKM in the Pacific, which may be of value to SIDS more widely.

Key policy insights

• The partnership approach of co-investigating climate change IKM barriers in collaboration with Pacific SIDS generated considerable trust, a shared purpose and therefore rich IKM lessons and insights.

• Turning climate change IKM aspirations into practice is significantly more complicated than expected, and requires a long-term commitment from both national governments and development partners.

• Pacific SIDS need to establish national guiding climate change IKM Frameworks that leverage rather than duplicate growing national investments in whole-of-government IKM.

• Reframing climate change IKM in the Pacific towards demand and user needs will be critical to ensuring widespread ownership and participation in IKM solutions that lead to greater adaptation and resilience outcomes.

• It is also critical that IKM activities in SIDS support the development of national capacity to scope, develop, deploy and maintain decision support systems.

• Federated IKM systems are ideal for encouraging greater IKM collaboration.

     

Networks of capital: Reframing knowledge in the Namibian hake fishery

This paper explores the failures of the quota allocation system in the hake fishery in Walvis Bay, Namibia through an examination of the complex processes that link commodities, labour, production, markets, and knowledge in the industrial setting. The relationships between state regulations and public nature point to a specific engagement in which nature is divided, distributed, and owned, namely through the market driven prospects of transferable quotas. This article examines fishing quota as a set of relations that links the transformation of fish from biological organism to global product and thus weaves science, the state, markets, and social relationships into an entanglement of different forms of capital. In this context, the tension between the quota holder, the value of that quota, and their participation in the industry reflects a complex network of capital mediated through various strategies. Based on ethnographic research in the Namibian trawl sector, this article surfaces these modes of capital in the dynamics of the fishing operations. As such, the fishing industry, the company that holds the fishing rights, the government׳s role in quota allocations, the vessels, gear, and technologies, and the relationships and roles of the crewmembers and skippers׳ knowledge all contribute to a particular formulation of fishing practices. Fisher׳s knowledge in industrial fishing practices becomes a site in which to explore the consequences of ITQs that may also begin to destabilise the neoliberal business model for fisheries in times of crisis.