基于SRTM资料的小海岛CFD计算模型构建——以东澳岛为例

提出了一种利用SRTM资料构建海岛CFD计算模型的技术方法,并以珠江口的东澳岛为对象,进行了模型构建试验及边界层风场的数值模拟试验.实验结果表明,SRTM资料作为开源的资料,可有效地解析空间尺度在1 km以内数量级的海岛地形,并可以此为基础构建用于CFD模拟的计算模型,真实地刻画出岛屿的地形.利用计算模型进行的模拟试验表明,岛屿地形对风场的影响明显,且这种影响可以被计算模型有效地描述.所提出的技术未来在海岛风资源评估、风电场选址、污染扩散等领域有望发挥作用.     

卫星影像数据构建山地植被指数与应用分析

 本研究以Landsat影像为数据源,在分析复杂地形山地植被在阳坡和阴坡反射率差异特征的基础上,提出一种归一化差值山地植被指数NDMVI (Normalized Difference Mountain Vegetation Index)。该指数模型无需辅助数据(如DEM)的支持,通过同时降低近红外波段(TM4)和红光波段(TM3)反射率的方法来消除或抑制地形的影响,具有较强的可操作性。研究表明:NDMVI与太阳入射角余弦值(cos i)的相关性相当小,对地形起伏变化表现不敏感,可有效消除或抑制地形的影响;比NDVI值动态变化范围更宽,对地物有更强的遥感识别能力;该模型抑制地形影响的效果比用C校正模型的效果更佳,不会出现过度校正的问题。     

Topographic modeling of Phoebe using Cassini images

High-resolution Cassini stereo images of Saturn's moon Phoebe have been used to derive a regional digital terrain model (DTM) and an orthoimage mosaic of the surface. For DTM-control a network of 130 points measured in 14 images (70-390 m/pixel resolution) was established which was simultaneously used to determine the orientation of the spin-axis. The J2000 spin-axis was found at Dec=78.0°±0.1° and RA=356.6°±0.3°, substantially different from the former Voyager solution. The control points yield a mean figure radius of 107.2 km with RMS residuals of 6.2 km demonstrating the irregular shape of this body. The DTM was computed from densely spaced conjugate image points determined by methods of digital image correlation. It has a horizontal resolution of 1-2 km and vertical accuracies in the range 50-100 m. It is limited in coverage, but higher in resolution than the previously derived global shape model of Phoebe [Porco et al., 2005. Cassini imaging science: initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus. Science 307, 1237-1242] and allows us to study the morphology of the surface in more detail. There is evidence for unconsolidated material from a steep and smooth slope at the rim of a 100 km impact feature. There are several conically shaped craters on Phoebe, which may hint at highly porous and low compaction material on the surface.     

A physically based distributed subsurface–surface flow dynamics model for forested mountainous catchments

This study was designed to develop a physically based hydrological model to describe the hydrological processes within forested mountainous river basins. The model describes the relationships between hydrological fluxes and catchment characteristics that are influenced by topography and land cover. Hydrological processes representative of temperate basins in steep terrain that are incorporated in the model include intercepted rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration into macropores, partitioning between preferential flow and soil matrix flow, percolation, capillary rise, surface flow (saturation‐excess and return flow), subsurface flow (preferential subsurface flow and baseflow) and spatial water‐table dynamics. The soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer scheme used was the single‐layer Penman–Monteith model, although a two‐layer model was also provided. The catchment characteristics include topography (elevation, topographic indices), slope and contributing area, where a digital elevation model provided flow direction on the steepest gradient flow path. The hydrological fluxes and catchment characteristics are modelled based on the variable source‐area concept, which defines the dynamics of the watershed response. Flow generated on land for each sub‐basin is routed to the river channel by a kinematic wave model. In the river channel, the combined flows from sub‐basins are routed by the Muskingum–Cunge model to the river outlet; these comprise inputs to the river downstream. The model was applied to the Hikimi river basin in Japan. Spatial decadal values of the normalized difference vegetation index and leaf area index were used for the yearly simulations. Results were satisfactory, as indicated by model efficiency criteria, and analysis showed that the rainfall input is not representative of the orographic lifting induced rainfall in the mountainous Hikimi river basin. Also, a simple representation of the effects of preferential flow within the soil matrix flow has a slight significance for soil moisture status, but is insignificant for river flow estimations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂地形下冰雹预报的数值试验研究

充分考虑贵州低纬、高原山区特色,首先模拟由于下垫面的热力和动力不均匀造成的强对流云的初始扰动.在此初始扰动的基础上,用完全弹性三维冰雹云数值模式,模拟雹云的发生发展过程,对冰雹进行数值预报研究.通过现场试验和个例分析,发现模式能反映雹云的发生、发展等变化规律,并能对冰雹天气作预报,预报概括率为81%.     

3D MODEL STUDY ON FOG OVER COMPLEX TERRAIN—PART Ⅱ:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT

A series of numerical sensitivity experiments on Chongqing fog are made using the 3D fog model overcomplex terrain.Some factors affecting Chongqing fog are studied.     

陕北黄土高原水蚀沟谷多维度侵蚀特征量化研究

沟谷地是黄土高原地貌形态特征变化最明显的区域,其发育对整个黄土高原地貌发育具有重要的控制性作用。论文基于5 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北黄土高原遴选包含15种地貌类型的42个样区,以沟谷密度、水平逼近度与切割深度作为纵向、横向与垂向3个维度的代表因子,分析了沟谷的多维发育进程、特征、空间分异及影响因素。研究结果显示：陕北黄土高原南北方向上沟谷发育呈现由溯源侵蚀主导转向横向溯源侵蚀主导、溯源下切侵蚀主导到横向溯源侵蚀主导,54.8%的样区各维度对整体发育进程的影响程度相近,且86.4%处于陕北黄土高原中部地区,即中部地区多维度发育均衡,南北两端以溯源侵蚀与横向侵蚀为主。结合面积—高程积分分析发现沟谷发育可划分为3个阶段：发育初期以溯源侵蚀为主,带动下切侵蚀伴有横向侵蚀;发育中期以溯源侵蚀为主,伴有持续性横向侵蚀与较强下切侵蚀;发育晚期以横向侵蚀为主,伴有一定程度的溯源侵蚀与轻微下切侵蚀。黄土厚度对沟谷系统垂向下切侵蚀的影响最大(Cv=0.164),土地利用类型对沟谷系统横向侵蚀的影响较大(Cv=0.0681),林地对于维护各个维度的抗侵蚀能力最强,生长茂密的草地和灌木林及作物次之,生长稀疏的牧草和作物较差。     

Diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high mountain terrain: High-resolution fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology modelling and impact of lateral flow

Water and energy fluxes are inextricably interlinked within the interface of the land surface and the atmosphere. In the regional earth system models, the lower boundary parameterization of land surface neglects lateral hydrological processes, which may inadequately depict the surface water and energy fluxes variations, thus affecting the simulated atmospheric system through land-atmosphere feedbacks. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrologically enhanced regional climate modelling in order to represent the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and coupled WRF Hydrological modelling system (WRF-Hydro) are applied in a high alpine catchment in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the headwater area of the Heihe River. By evaluating and intercomparing model results by both models, the role of lateral flow processes on the surface energy fluxes dynamics is investigated. The model evaluations suggest that both WRF and coupled WRF-Hydro reasonably represent the diurnal variations of the near-surface meteorological fields, surface energy fluxes and hourly partitioning of available energy. By incorporating additional lateral flow processes, the coupled WRF-Hydro simulates higher surface soil moisture over the mountainous area, resulting in increased latent heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux of around 20–50 W/m² in their diurnal peak values during summertime, although the net radiation and ground heat fluxes remain almost unchanged. The simulation results show that the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes follows the local terrain and vegetation features. This highlights the importance of consideration of lateral flow processes over areas with heterogeneous terrain and land surfaces.     

A hybrid representation for modeling,interactive editing,and real-time visualization of terrains with volumetric features

Terrain rendering is a crucial part of many real-time applications. The easiest way to process and visualize terrain data in real time is to constrain the terrain model in several ways. This decreases the amount of data to be processed and the amount of processing power needed, but at the cost of expressivity and the ability to create complex terrains. The most popular terrain representation is a regular 2D grid, where the vertices are displaced in a third dimension by a displacement map, called a heightmap. This is the simplest way to represent terrain, and although it allows fast processing, it cannot model terrains with volumetric features. Volumetric approaches sample the 3D space by subdividing it into a 3D grid and represent the terrain as occupied voxels. They can represent volumetric features but they require computationally intensive algorithms for rendering, and their memory requirements are high. We propose a novel representation that combines the voxel and heightmap approaches, and is expressive enough to allow creating terrains with caves, overhangs, cliffs, and arches, and efficient enough to allow terrain editing, deformations, and rendering in real time.