城市3维漫游系统在Skyline下的实现

"数字城市"是城市新的增长点,这一概念的提出源于"数字地球",是城市化进程加快、可持续发展的必然要求。Skyline是当前世界应用较为广泛的3维软件之一,它能够快速地融合数据,更新场景数据库,展现3维地理空间数据,功能强大。文章探讨并实现了通过收集资料、数据预处理、建立3维地形空间数据库、快速3维建模、空间数据整合、系统集成等一系列步骤建立起的基于Skyline、以辽宁省某市景观带为项目区的3维漫游系统关键技术。     

2010年8月8-10日辽东半岛暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用自动气象站资料、卫星资料、GTS1型数字式探空仪资料和常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对辽东半岛地区2010年8月8-10日3次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,研究了该地区暴雨发生的天气尺度背景、中尺度对流系统发展过程及其发展的中尺度环境和触发机制。结果表明:(1)副热带高压位置偏北且稳定为此次强降水提供了有利的大尺度背景,切变线上生成的β或γ中尺度雨团发展的中尺度对流复合体是造成强降水的直接系统。(2)辽东半岛地区与低空急流水汽输送通道相连,并形成水汽辐合中心,有利于该地区强降水的产生。(3)暴雨发生前暴雨区域对流层低层的增温增湿、对流性不稳定层结及抬升凝结高度和对流自由高度的明显降低,是导致暴雨的重要条件。(4)切变线附近对流层低层的强正涡度中心和中高层的强正散度中心的耦合有利于上升运动的维持和水汽的向上抬升,促使中尺度对流系统生成,并沿切变线向东北方向移动和迅速发展,产生暴雨。强降水出现在切变线前方低空急流上的风速脉动区。     

“0811”暴雨过程中MCC与一般暴雨云团的对比分析

利用T639 1°×1°分析场、FY-2红外云图、红外辐射亮温(TBB)、闪电定位和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2010年8月11日发生在山西南部暴雨过程(即"0811"暴雨过程)中的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)和其北部的一般暴雨云团进行了对比分析,结果表明,(1)山西北部暴雨带主要由6个β中尺度对流云团生成、发展及合并造成;山西南部区域性暴雨则由MCC的生成、发展、东移所引发。(2)山西北部的暴雨云团在850hPa暖切变线南部生成和发展,并在地面切变线附近合并;山西南部的MCC由3个β中尺度对流云团发生、发展及合并形成,该对流云团在700hPa次天气尺度切变线上触发生成;MCC发展、成熟阶段,α中尺度云团沿925hPa暖切变线东移;减弱阶段,随西太平洋副热带高压的南退而南压。(3)在西太平洋副热带高压西进北抬的背景下,同一次暴雨过程中,MCC发生在5 880gpm边缘弱的斜压环境中,高层则出现在高压北侧的反气旋环流中;一般暴雨云团发生在5 840gpm边缘较强的斜压环境中,高层则出现在急流入口区的右侧。(4)MCC作为大型的中尺度对流系统,不但对低层高温高湿能量的需求比一般暴雨云团更多,而且在垂直方向上,要求湿层、高能舌及暖温结构更深厚。(5)山西南部MCC影响区和5 880gpm线边缘为负地闪覆盖区,正地闪主要出现在其北部一般暴雨云团影响区和5 840gpm线附近。与MCC相比,一般暴雨云团影响下,局地闪电开始及闪电峰值的出现较降水的开始及降水峰值的出现有更多的提前量。(6)山西北部暴雨云团出现在气柱水汽总量梯度的大值区及水汽锋上;山西南部MCC则出现在水汽锋南侧气柱水汽总量的大值区。气柱水汽总量对"0811"暴雨过程有36h的提前量,对暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。     

伊犁一次区域性暴雨分析

利用伊宁新一代天气雷达资料,结合高空和地面观测资料,分析了2010年7月19日伊犁地区一次局地暴雨天气过程。结果表明：此次强对流天气过程的主要影响系统为500 hPa中亚低槽、200hpa高空急流、低层风速辐合和地面雷暴高压。较强的层结不稳定和低层垂直风切变有利于对流的产生;云图和雷达资料分析表明,此次局地暴雨是由中尺度强对流云团产生,具有典型的对流单体形成、发展成回波短带合并形成带状回波,该带状回波最后演变成一个尺度较大的弓形回波。     

VALIDATION OF NEAR-SURFACE WINDS OBTAINED BY A HYBRID WRF/CALMET MODELING SYSTEM OVER A COASTAL ISLAND WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN

The results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated.The diagnostic wind model(California Meteorological Model,CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004.Results were compared with wind observations at four sites.Traditional statistical scores,including correlation coefficients,standard deviations(SDs) and mean absolute errors(MAEs),indicate that the wind estimates from the WRF/CALMET modeling system are produced reasonably well.The correlation coefficients are relatively large,ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component.MAEs for wind speed range from 1.5 to 2.0 m s-1 at 10 meters above ground level(AGL) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m s-1 at 60 m AGL.MAEs for wind direction range from 30 to 40 degrees at both levels.A spectral decomposition of the time series of wind speed shows positive impacts of CALMET in improving the mesoscale winds.Moreover,combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields.It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field,but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model needs to be further improved.     

渭河流域一次致洪暴雨过程的中尺度滤波分析

利用常规高空观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的再分析资料以及25点低通滤波技术,对2003年8月28—29日发生在渭河流域的一次致洪暴雨进行了中尺度分析和探讨,分析出中尺度环流演变特征,总结了渭河流域致洪暴雨的概念模型,认为这次暴雨过程中在以西南气流为主的平均气流场上隐藏着尺度较中尺度平均流场小得多的涡旋,其移动方向和发展程度决定了强降水落区及其强度;高空西风风速脉动与低层南风风速脉动耦合形成了中尺度次级环流圈,其上升支为强降水提供了足够的动力抬升机制;而850 hPa低空急流、700 hPa中尺度低涡、南风脉动以及高空西风风速脉动等条件的合理配置是中尺度次级环流形成的必备因素;地面中尺度辐合线是本次暴雨的触发机制。     

山东一次区域性暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用常规资料、地面自动站资料、FY2C卫星云图TBB和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2009年5月9—10日发生在山东的春季区域性暴雨进行分析和研究。结果表明:①强降水是在低层冷空气和深厚西南暖湿气流交汇的过程中产生的,副高异常偏强,制约850～700hPa切变线和地面辐合线停滞少动,产生较长时间的降水。②地面辐合线的形成和维持激发了边界层的辐合上升运动,为暴雨区提供了充足的水汽,冷空气从边界层楔入,与暖湿气流汇合并抬升暖湿气流辐合上升,使上升运动加强,降水增幅。③中尺度对流系统是造成暴雨的主要中尺度系统,多个单体更迭并移经同一区域,形成"列车效应"而产生区域性暴雨。④雷达径向速度图中逆风区和不同高度(超)低空急流的大小对短时强降水预报有一定的指示意义。     

综合EGM2008模型和SRTM/DTM2006.0剩余地形模型的GPS高程转换方法

利用SRTM以及DTM2006.0全球地形模型构建剩余地形模型（RTM）数据,并将其转换为RTM高程异常。通过GPS/水准点的优化选择法,选择少量GPS/水准点的实测高程异常,扣除EGM2008模型以及SRTM与DTM2006.0模型求得的剩余模型高程异常,对残余高程异常进行拟合,从而进一步提高GPS高程转换的精度。最...     

Intercomparison and Evaluation of MM5 and Meso-NH mesoscale models in the stable boundary layer

Atmospheric numerical models depend critically on realistic treatment of the lower boundary conditions. In strongly thermally-stratified conditions, turbulence may be very weak and the models may find it difficult to produce a good forecast near the surface. Under clear skies and for weak synoptic winds the determining factors are the turbulent kinetic energy and surface-layer parameterizations, which can be very different between models. Here, two state-of-the-art mesoscale models (MM5 and Meso-NH) are operated under exactly the same conditions for two different nights over the Duero basin in the Iberian Peninsula: one night with a well-defined synoptic wind and a second with practically no horizontal pressure gradient. The models are inter-compared and checked against available information, and their performances are evaluated.     

Assessment of Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Processes Represented in the Numerical Model MM5 for a Clear Sky Day Using LASPEX Observations

Data collected during the Land Surface Processes Experiment (LASPEX) in a semi-arid region of the state of Gujarat in north-west India for a clear sky day (16 May 1997) are used to assess the performance of the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) and land- surface parameterizations in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5). The ABL turbulence parameterizations examined are the Blackadar scheme coupled to a simple soil slab model (SSM), and the Troen-Mahrt scheme coupled to SSM or to the more sophisticated Noah land-surface model (NSM). The comparison of several two-way nested high resolution (9-km) MM5 short term 24-h simulations indicate that, although the model is able to capture the trend in the observed data, the computed results deviate from observations. The NSM with a modest treatment of vegetation outperforms the SSM in capturing the observed daily variations in surface heat fluxes and aspects of ABL structure over the tropical land surface at local scales. Detailed analysis showed that, with the incorporation of observed local vegetation and soil characteristics, the NSM reproduced a realistic surface energy balance and near-surface temperature. It is further found that the coupling of the NSM with the Troen-Mahrt ABL scheme leads to excessive ABL mixing and a dry bias in the model simulations.