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51.
In situ seismic attenuationQ−1logs are derived from borehole velocity profiles and reveal sharp boundaries between morphologies of the extrusive volcanic layers in intermediate- and slow-spreading oceanic crust.Q−1logs are calculated from the scattering attenuation associated with vertical velocity heterogeneity in Ocean Drilling Program Holes 504B and 896A and in Hole 395A, located in 5.9–7.3 Ma crust on the Pacific and Atlantic plates, respectively. Our results strongly tie crustal properties to seismic measurables and observed geological structures: we find that the scattering attenuation can be used to identify the extrusive volcanic sequence because it is closely related to changes in the degree of vertical heterogeneity. We interpret a distinct decrease in the Q−1log at the transition below the extrusive volcanic layer to correspond with the seismic layer 2A/2B boundary. The boundary is located at 465 m depth below the sea floor in both Hole 395A and 504B, although this is likely to be a coincidence of the sediment thickness at these sites. Layer 2A is estimated to be approximately 150 m thick in Hole 504B and > 300 m thick in Hole 395A. Cyclic sequences of high-porosity pillows and low-porosity massive units in the uppermost 100 m of volcanics in Hole 395A result in large velocity heterogeneities which cause > 5 times more attenuation in this layer than in Hole 504B. In Hole 896A, by contrast, fewer pillows, more massive flows, and a greater volume of carbonate veins decrease the velocity heterogeneity and attenuation significantly over only 1 km distance from Hole 504B. We conclude that the attenuation in the extrusive volcanics of the ocean crust is largely controlled by variation in local heterogeneity and morphology as well as by subsequent hydrothermal alteration. The observed differences inQ−1profiles and layer 2A thickness at these sites may be attributed to variations in the volume and duration of volcanic activity at mid-ocean spreading centers for these Pacific and Atlantic ridge segments. 相似文献
52.
洋岛,海山碳酸盐岩的沉积特征及其古地理意义 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
高出水面的洋岛和潜伏水下的海山普遍存在于现代地球表面的各大洋中,地质历史中存在的古洋岛和古海山也逐渐为人们所认识。笔者从地形特征,沉积学特征,成岩作用和生物学特征几个方面对洋岛,海山进行了分析,洋岛,海山通常具有洋岛型火山岩基底和碳酸盐盖层的双层式地层结构,具有低分异度,探讨了古洋岛,古海山的鉴别对于再造古海洋,古地理格局的现实意义。 相似文献
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对板块说应持分析态度,既充分肯定它的创见,又要看到其不足。张文佑倡导的断块说强调地质演化中的陆洋地壳转化,即拉张造洋、挤压造陆。近年来提出的开合说,继承了板块说、断块说和新地槽-地台说的合理内核。笔者认为,断块-开合大地构造说是中国大地构造研究中有代表性的思潮。本文概括了其基本观点,强调了开合中的多模式、多旋回和非封闭性、不可逆性。 相似文献
54.
DONG Yunpeng ZHANG Guowei ZHAO Xia YAO Anping & LIU Xiaoming The Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Ministry of Education Department of Geology Northwest University Xi抋n China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,(4)
Being a composite collisional orogen between North China and South China blocks, the Qinling orogenic belt is the key to understand the composite combination, prolonged evolutionary history and their continental dynamics. The main suture between north and south Qinling, called Shangdan suture zone (SDSZ), had been studied in detail for about twenty years. Recently, another suture zone, called Mianl黣 suture zone (MLSZ), has been identified in the Qinling Mountains. It is characterized b… 相似文献
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KERR ANDREW C.; TARNEY JOHN; KEMPTON PAMELA D.; PRINGLE MALCOLM; NIVIA ALVARO 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(9):1877-1906
The fault-bounded Bolívar Ultramafic Complex (BUC) onthe eastern fringes of the Western Cordillera of Colombia wastectonically accreted onto the western coast of South Americain the late Cretaceousearly Tertiary, along with pillowbasalts of the CaribbeanColombian Oceanic Plateau (CCOP).The complex consists of a lower sequence of ultramafic cumulates,successively overlain by layered and isotropic gabbroic rocks.The gabbros grade into, and are intruded by, mafic pegmatitesthat consist of large magnesiohornblende and plagioclase crystals.These pegmatites yield a weighted mean 40Ar39Ar step-heatingage of 90·5 ± 0·9 Ma and thus coincidewith the timing of peak CCOP volcanism. The chemistry of theBUC is not consistent with a subduction-related origin. However,the similarity in SrNdPbHf isotopes betweenthe CCOP and the BUC, in conjunction with their indistinguishableages, suggests that the BUC is an integral part of the plume-derivedCCOP. The parental magmas of the Bolívar complex wereprobably hydrous picrites that underwent 2030% crystallization.The residual magmas from this fractionation contained 相似文献
59.
M. E. Dickson 《The Australian geographer》2004,35(2):223-238
Lord Howe Island is a small eroded remnant of a Late Miocene shield volcano. A fringing coral reef dissipates wave energy along a portion of the shoreline, but the remainder of the coast is rugged with spectacular high basaltic sea cliffs. This paper investigates the evolution of talus slopes that occur beneath the loftiest cliffs, and places this analysis within the context of a longer history of island planation that has resulted in a wide truncated shelf around the island. During the Last Glacial, when the sea level was lower than at present, talus slopes accumulated around the extent of the island's cliffed coast because material eroded from cliffs by subaerial processes could not be removed by marine processes. The survival of these slopes during the Holocene has depended on a balance achieved between rates of subaerial and marine erosion. This balance is fundamentally influenced by cliff height, as cliffs higher than 200 m are plunging or veneered by talus slopes, whereas lower cliffs have erosional shore platforms. On comparison with published erosion rates from inland basalt scarps it appears that marine processes may account for over 90 per cent of the total cliff retreat that has occurred at Lord Howe Island, yet contemporary coastal morphology attests to the significance of subaerial processes in recent times. It is likely that marine cliffing was very rapid soon after volcanism ceased, but rates of erosion decreased through time as wave energy became increasingly attenuated across a widening planation surface, and as increasing cliff heights yielded greater quantities of talus that provided protection from rapid marine erosion. 相似文献
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