边界层控制转捩研究的新结果——流场测量和流动显示

给出边界层转捩研究的一些结果,这些结果包括实验观察到一个Λ结构中会出现4～5个小旋涡;Λ结构（又称Λ涡）是完整的蝴蝶型结构的一部分。孤立波结构存在于Λ结构的中心。     

Fission of Heton-like Vortices under Sea Ice

Close interactions among vertically stacked pairs of counter-rotating eddies under sea ice were investigated in numerical experiments. The numerical model contains a stratified ocean capped by an ice layer. Under the ice layer, a shallow brine source produces a top cyclone and a submerged anticyclone, while a shallow freshening source generates a top anticyclone and a submerged cyclone. Ice-exerted friction would dissipate the top eddy, leaving the submerged one in lone existence. In this work the winning vorticity is sought from group settings. Arrays of equally spaced salinity sources and sinks, alternate in sign but equal in strength, are employed to produce rows of vertically stacked eddy pairs. Fission occurs when adjacent vortex centers are separated by less than one Rossby radius. This process ejects parcels of density anomalies to the ambient ocean in upper depths. Low salinity anomalies are quickly dispersed into a thin surface layer and are unable to regenerate submerged eddies. High salinity parcels, being difficult to disperse, often maintain or regenerate submerged anticyclones below. Fission is particularly effective if a single row of salinity forcing is used. With multiple rows, fission is active only in the outer rows. The strong interaction among closely packed eddies operates in time scales of tens of days, helping explain the predominance of submerged anticyclones under Arctic sea ice.     

Large-scale turbulence under a solitary wave: Part 2: Forms and evolution of coherent structures

The instantaneous turbulent velocity field produced by a broken solitary wave propagating on a 1 in 50 plane slope was measured in the longitudinal transverse plane in the middle part of the water column and near the bottom using a stereoscopic particle image velocimetry system. These measurements showed that large-scale turbulence first arrived in the form of a downburst of turbulent fluid. In the middle of the water column, the downbursts arrived shortly after the wave crest had passed. Each downburst was accompanied by two counter-rotating vortices. The latter grew rapidly in size to become a prominent feature of the flow field. Each vortex had a typical length scale of 1/2 to 1 water depth, and carried most of the turbulent kinetic energy in the region between the vortices. Near the bottom, the counter-rotating vortices were not as well defined and covered only a small plane area compared to the entire flow structure. The turbulent fluid descending from above diverged at the bed and the resulting flow structure developed an elongated shape as the source of down-flow travelled onshore with the broken wave. It was found that the transverse spacing between adjacent downbursts ranged from 2 to 5 times the local still water depth. Since vortices cannot end in the interior of the fluid, the counter-rotating vortices must extend to the free surface in the form of a vortex loop. It was suggested that these vortex loops were produced by bending and stretching of primary vorticity generated in the wave breaking process, possibly as a result of three-dimensional water surface deformation. The vortex loops were then carried downward by the falling water from the broken wave.     

江淮流域两次中尺度对流涡旋的结构特征研究

对2003、2007年江淮梅雨期的中尺度对流涡旋（MCV）进行了统计分析,结果表明我国梅雨锋上MCV活跃,这些MCV与强降水有关。2003、2007年江淮梅雨期有9个MCV发生,大多数的MCV发生在32°N～35°N之间的江苏境内。采用ARPS（Advanced Regional Prediction System）的资料分析系统（ADAS）和WRF模式模拟了2个MCV的发展过程,并使用数值模拟结果分析了它们的结构特征。MCV一般发生在强对流系统的北侧,其涡旋环流一般在600 hPa以下,对应涡旋区域对流层高层为强辐散,涡度最强的中心在对流层中层,但正涡度区可伸展到300 hPa。初始阶段MCV的中心为上升运动和中性层结,成熟阶段MCV的中心转为下沉运动,同时其南侧有新的对流发生。发展型和不发展型的MCV对比发现,涡旋对流层高层有涡度增加以及二次对流的潜热释放多,可能是发展型MCV维持时间较长的原因。此外,MCV发展过程中南侧急流的增强对MCV中对流的触发和维持有一定作用。     

Simulations of the motion of tropical cyclone-like vortices in the presence of synoptic and mesoscale circulations

Initial mesoscale vortex effects on the tropical cyclone(TC) motion in a system where three components coexist(i.e.,an environmental vortex(EV),a TC,and mesoscale vortices) were examined using a barotropic vorticity equation model with initial fields where mesoscale vortices were generated stochastically.Results of these simulations indicate that the deflection of the TC track derived from the initial mesoscale vortices was clearly smaller than that from the beta effect in 60% of the cases.However,they may have a more significant impact on the TC track under the following circumstances.First,the interaction between an adjacent mesoscale vortex and the TC causes the emergence of a complicated structure with two centers in the TC inner region.This configuration may last for 8 h,and the two centers undergo a cyclonic rotation to make the change in direction of the TC motion.Second,two mesoscale vortices located in the EV circulation may merge,and the merged vortex shifts into the EV inner region,intensifying both the EV and steering flow for the TC,increasing speed of the TC.     

A study of the effect of topography on the merging of vortices

Eight sets of numerical experiments are performed in 48 hours of integtation by using a barotropic primitive equation model with a topographic term so as to investigate the effect of topography on the merging of vortices. It is pointed out that the introduction of topography may change the track of vortices,and it causes the low vortices and vorticity lumps to be detained on the southeast side of the topography,thus creating a favorable condition for the merging of the low vortex and vorticity lumps. It is also shown that the effect of topography may cause double mergers of vortices in a horizontally shearing basic flow,and it can strengthen the low vortex remarkably.     

涡旋合并过程的数值研究

作者用正压原始方程模式,研究了多个涡旋同时存在条件下涡旋的合并问题.在此场合,除涡旋之间的距离以外,涡旋是否合并取决于三类因子,即涡旋数目、排列方式和强度分布.     

Visualization of wave-induced suspension patterns over two-dimensional bedforms

High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of suspended sand concentration ( c ) over vortex ripples were collected with a three-transducer acoustic backscatter sensor (ABS) array, under irregular `natural' waves in a multidirectional wave basin. These measurements permit two-dimensional visualization of the movement of sediment-laden vortices over an individual vortex ripple under a series of waves. Patterns of sediment motion were tracked through consecutive zero-crossings in the horizontal velocity ( U ) record measured at 0·05 m above the ripple crest elevation. It was possible to trace the advection of individual sediment-laden vortices at the zero-crossings. During 73% of these events, shedding and advection of coherent suspension events occurred before the flow reversal associated with the zero-crossing. This may be caused by the bedforms retarding the near-bed flow inducing the eddy shedding before the zero-crossing. While at maxima in U , secondary suspension events with low c were observed to pass over the ripple crest moving with U measured at 0·05 m. This pattern is attributed to vortex shedding from adjacent bedforms and/or antecedent suspension events. The most energetic events appeared to persist for several wave cycles and reached heights of ≈0·20 m. These suspension events appeared to be more persistent when smaller waves follow larger waves, possibly as a result of weaker reversals in vorticity. Although the events appeared to be vertically coherent in the time series from the individual transducers, it is apparent through visualization that these events are associated with the pairing of antecedent and developing vortices.     

NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERIC POLAR LOWS-A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Northern Hemispheric "polar lows",i.e.maritime,small,but fairly intense cyclonic systems have been studied for more than two decades.Recently researchers have turned their attention towards the occurrence of polar lows and other small-scale cyclonic disturbances on the Southern Hemisphere.In this paper a short account of our present knowledge of Northern Hemispheric polar lows will be given,followed by some preliminary results of an investigation of the nature and occurrence of polar lows on the Southern Hemisphere.     

复杂构型涡旋能量频散波列的形成过程

能量频散是一个基础性的科学问题,与台风、暴雨以及地震等灾害密切相关,一直受到多学科研究人员和广大预报员的关注。孤立圆涡能量频散波列形成过程己经清楚。但是,造成天气灾害的往往是非孤立圆涡,这里,非孤立圆涡指的是:一个热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)涡旋和一个中尺度涡构成的复杂构型。非孤立圆涡能量频散波列的形成过程研究目前尚未见报道。本文用线性化的正压无辐散涡度方程,研究了复杂构型的非孤立圆涡能量频散波列的形成过程,并指出该形成过程由三个阶段构成:涡旋东西向非对称结构的形成;涡旋主体东侧,频散高值系统的出现、持续和发展;在频散高值系统的东侧,频散低值系统的出现和加强。这些结果在台风预测中具有应用前景。