东北地区一次暴雨过程的落区分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料和美国NCEP1°×1°的6 h再分析资料对2008年7月5日08时至6日08时发生在东北地区的暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：此次暴雨过程是蒙古高空槽和华北气旋共同作用下产生的,副热带高压西伸北抬后与东北高压脊叠加形成高压坝,水汽沿高压外围即渤海西岸向东北移动,华北气旋入渤海加强北上,是造成东北地区西部强降水的主要天气形势。风速大于等于16 m/s的低空西南急流的建立为暴雨的发生提供了动力和水汽条件。暴雨到大暴雨过程强降水中心的落区与比湿场的大值区、垂直速度场和涡度场的高值区有较好的对应关系。     

2010年2月24日沈阳地区冻雨成因分析

利用NCEP的全球数据同化系统（GDAS）1°×1°分析资料、NOAA的2.5°×2.5°全球格点资料和气象观测资料等,对2010年2月24日沈阳地区大范围冻雨灾害天气过程进行分析。结果表明：冻雨发生前期,沈阳地区的明显增温是导致大范围雨雪冰冻灾害的重要原因;925—750 hPa存在的t≥0℃温厚暖层是冻雨形成的必要条件;西南气流的建立有利于大量暖湿空气向东北地区输送,并决定了低温冰冻灾害发生的区域。中层温厚暖层的建立与破坏时间对冻雨的预报具有一定的指示意义。     

近30年上海地区暴雨的气候变化特征

利用上海地区11个气象站1979-2008年5～9月降水资料分析了近30年上海地区暴雨的年、月际及暴雨成因的变化特征.结果表明:1995年以来,上海地区暴雨逐渐向强、局部、特短时间方向变化.7、8月暴雨较多,以短时局部性暴雨为主;6、9月暴雨次之,6月长和特长暴雨要多于短和特短暴雨,9月反之;5月暴雨最少.从形成上海地区暴雨天气系统的分析表明,静止锋暴雨最多,稳定时能形成持续时间长的强暴雨,不稳定时形成短的弱暴雨;其次是暖区暴雨,它是上海地区形成夏季短时局部性强暴雨的主要天气型;另外,台风、台风切变、台风倒槽、低压、冷锋、暖锋和东风扰动形成的暴雨也占有一定的比例.1995年以来,暖区暴雨整体增加,而静止锋暴雨进入21世纪逐渐减少,这可能主要归因于气候变暖和城市热岛效应.     

北海酸雨区的成因简析

北海市的空气质量指数一直为优,可是从北海近几年的酸雨观测结果表明,北海属于酸雨地区,究其原因主要是由于雷暴造成。     

1998年夏季长江流域梅雨期环流演变的特殊性探讨

利用1998年南海季风试验(SCSMEX)和华南暴雨试验(HUAMEX)的同化资料和2001年"973"中国暴雨试验(CHeRES)的T106背景场资料,对1998、2001年夏季6～7月环流和降水的分析表明:(1)1998年中高纬度双阻形势有利于冷空气南下,对"二度梅"的形成有重要作用;2001年副高偏东,中纬度槽脊的位置与典型梅雨相反,没有形成典型的梅雨.(2)东亚沿岸大槽的形成以及相应西风急流的南移、东伸和北风(冷空气)的南进,对"二度梅"开始时副高的突然南压有重要作用,这些因子可以作为1998年7月下旬"二度梅"形成的前期预报因子.(3)对降水与夏季风关系的分析表明,季风的短期变化与雨带的进退和维持有密切关系,特别是20～30°N较大范围的低空急流对梅雨锋降水有重要作用;1998年梅雨期风速和湿度场有明显的日变化,且与强对流系统发生的时间一致.(4)对历史上"长梅"和"二度梅"年情况进行了分析,并将1998年的环流与1950年以来造成严重洪涝灾害的"长梅"和"二度梅"的环流作了对比,再次确认这几次梅雨期的中高纬度均为双阻或单阻形势,而1954、1980、1991年的副高为带状;1954、1980年副热带高压属于西进稳定型,1991、1998年分别属于南退北跳型及北跳南退型,但最后经调整使副高停留在长江以南,均有利于梅雨期降水.     

一个能反映梅雨现象的东亚夏季风指数

分析了东亚中纬度地区气候特点的特殊性,并针对此特性定义了一个衡量夏季风强度的指数.对其他东亚季风指数也进行了比较和分析,并针对1998年梅雨个例进行了讨论.这个新的东亚季风指数基本上满足了由Lau等提出的最佳季风指数的原则.该指数的特点为:(1)可以反映逐年季风活动的南北分布;(2)可以较好地描述梅雨现象,尤其对中国江淮梅雨有良好的指示意义,季风指数偏强时,梅雨量大,反之亦然;(3)它与东亚地区大范围的环流变化密切相关,当副高西伸,高纬度地区有阻高(或强脊)活动时属高季风指数,反之为低指数;(4)它也与前期厄尔尼诺现象有密切关联.     

Inter-station correlation and estimation errors of areal average rain rate

In this study an equation for estimating the error involved in the areal average rain rate considering the inter-station correlation was derived and applied for two cases: the first compared two storm events with different inter-station correlations, and the second evaluated the seasonal variation of estimation error of monthly rainfall. Similar cases, but without considering the rainfall seasonality, were also investigated for the comparison. This study was applied to the Geum River Basin with 28 rain gauge measurements, each having more than 30 years of rainfall data. A summary of the application results follows: (1) When considering the inter-station correlation, the estimation error involved in the areal average rain rate became significantly decreased proportional to the inter-station correlation. (2) The estimation error of monthly areal average rainfall showed strong seasonality with high ones during the wet season and lower ones during the dry season. (3) The estimation error was well proportional to the areal average rain rate as well as to its standard deviation. The ratio of estimation error to the areal average rain rate itself was estimated to be about 0.1 for the case of assuming no inter-station correlations, but decreased to 0.06 for the case of considering the inter-station correlations between measurements. (4) The relation between the standard deviation of areal average rain rate and the estimation error became much stronger than that between the areal average rain rate itself and the estimation error. The ratio of estimation error to the standard deviations of rain rate amount was estimated to be about 0.2 for the case of assuming no inter-station correlations, but decreased to 0.1 for the case of considering the inter-station correlations. This relation was found to be valid for any case of accumulation time such as in daily, monthly, or annual rainfall data.     

Identifying individual rain events from pluviograph records: a review with analysis of data from an Australian dryland site

Rainfall is routinely reported as falling in ‘events’ or ‘storms’ whose beginning and end are defined by rainless intervals of a nominated duration (minimum inter‐event time, MIT). Rain events commonly exhibit fluctuations in rain rate as well as periods when rain ceases altogether. Event characteristics such as depth, mean rain rate, and the surface runoff volume generated, are defined in relation to the length of the rain event. These derived properties are dependent upon the value of MIT adopted to define the event, and the literature reveals a wide range of MIT criteria. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to this dependency, which limits the inter‐comparison of results in published work. The diversity in criteria also diminishes the usefulness of historical data on event durations, rain rates, etc., in attempts to document changes in the rainfall climate. This paper reviews the range of approaches used in the recognition of rain events, and a 5 year pluviograph record from an arid location is analysed. Changing MIT from 15 min to 24 h (lying within the range of published criteria) alters the number of rain events from 550 to 118. The mean rain rate declines from 2·04 mm h^?1 to 0·94 mm h^?1, and the geometric mean event duration rises from 0·66 h to 3·98 h. This wide variation in the properties of rain events indicates that more attention needs to be paid to the selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event‐based data analysis. The selection of a MIT criterion is shown to involve a compromise between the independence of widely‐spaced events and their increasingly variable intra‐event characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河某水电站顺层岩质滑坡形成机理与演化过程

黄河上某水电站坝后存在一大型顺层岩质滑坡.钻探、平硐、槽探和现场勘查勘察资料表明该滑坡具有平面分区和剖面分层的显著特征.运用地质环境系统全过程动态演化的观点,采用力学理论、物理模型、数值模拟等方法,分析了滑坡的形成机理和演化机制:该滑坡是在河流冲刷和地震活动等内外综合作用下因层状岩质斜坡岩体层间错动和溃屈基而形成,其演化具有明显时间和空间差异性的多次滑动.在此基础上采用多种极限平衡计算方法综合评价滑坡各区、各级在天然状态下的稳定状态,并结合滑坡所处的地质环境及其演化特征预测滑坡在雾雨、地震以及二者耦合作用下的演化趋势.     

义乌市降水变化特征分析

根据历史和实测资料的统计分析,得到义乌市的降水变化特征。结果表明:丰水期义乌市的涝年偏多,旱年偏少,而枯水期则旱年偏多,涝年偏少。厄尔尼诺事件的当年或翌年,义乌市的降水显著偏多,而拉尼娜事件的当年或翌年,义乌市的降水则显著偏少。丰水期平均入梅日偏早,平均出梅日偏晚,平均梅雨日数偏长,平均梅雨量偏多,而在枯水期则反之。义乌市6月6—15日入梅的可能性最大,出梅日期的时间分布相对比较分散,其集中期的发生规律不如入梅集中期明显。厄尔尼诺事件的当年或翌年,义乌市的出梅日偏晚,而拉尼娜事件的当年或翌年,义乌市的出梅日偏早。研究结果可为水库源区雨季的人工增雨作业提供科学依据。