两次飞机增雨作业过程数值模拟分析

利用国家气象中心GRAPES业务模式耦合混合相双参数云微物理方案,对2010年12月15日的两次飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了催化数值模拟分析。分析得出:GRAPES模式基本能给出正确的中低层天气形势场和降水的动力结构,较大降水的落区和范围基本可信,降水强度较实况偏小;按照作业实况进行催化模拟具有一定的可信度,与实况降水在较强降水区域有较好的对应性;两次播撒都取得了增加降雨量的效果,24 h平均增雨量在3~5 mm,最大增雨量达7 mm,两次播撒后增雨作业区的累计降水总量较未播撒时增加约一倍;播撒有效时段在4 h内,播撒后1~2 h雨量增加最大,增雨区域初期与播撒区域一致,随时间延长而在播撒区附近扩散;第一次播撒时,播撒冰晶消耗液态水,转化成固态水,水汽流入速度加快,向液态水转化加快,液态水迅速恢复,未出现减雨现象;第二次播撒时,云中固态水争食水汽增长,液态水得不到补充,云中上升运动减弱,自然降水阶段出现减雨现象。     

一次暴雨与特大暴雪并存的华北强降水过程分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年11月3—4日华北地区产生大范围雨雪天气的成因和降水相态进行分析。结果表明:深厚的低涡和地面气旋是本次过程的直接影响系统,东南风低空急流带来东部海上的充沛水汽,使得暴雨雪区整层大气可降水量远高于当月平均值;低涡和气旋等低层辐合系统与高空辐散叠置,为强雨雪天气提供了持久强烈的上升运动,暴雨区、暴雪区分别为对流不稳定、条件性对称不稳定大气层结,而锋生作用更有利于暴雪产生;雪花形成和增长的环境条件与雪花下降过程是否融化在判断降水相态方面同等重要,二者兼具才能保证地面降雪的出现。     

2013年11月大气环流和天气分析

2013年11月大气环流主要特征是：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北极圈内,强度较常年同期偏强;欧亚中高纬环流经向度较小;南支槽平均位置大致位于80°E附近,同时,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。11月,全国平均降水量为22.5 mm,较常年同期（18.8 mm）偏多19.7%。全国平均气温为3.6℃,较常年同期（2.9℃）偏高0.7℃。月内,我国出现3次冷空气过程和6次较强降水过程。东北地区出现了两次强降雪过程,部分地区出现暴雪到大暴雪;台风海燕给华南地区带来较大风雨影响;北方冬麦区及江南大部出现明显降水,干旱缓解;由于冷空气势力弱,中东部地区雾霾天气频发,全国平均雾霾日数为4.3天,为1961年以来历史同期最多。     

2011年湖南一次强暴雨过程中尺度分析

以LAPS局地分析资料为主,综合利用卫星云图、地面自动站资料和NCEP提供的全球分析资料,对2011年6月9—10日湖南一次特大暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明:降水主要发生在对流云团中亮温TBB-70℃的区域的偏西一侧,在TBB-80℃的区域内降水最强;锋前暖区中的对流云团,在中低层是以条件不稳定机制为主的垂直上升运动,而在中高层,是以条件对称不稳定机制为主的垂直上升运动。中尺度对流系统在不断东移南压的过程中,受高层的辐散性流场的抽吸作用和低层的对流不稳定而发展加强。强气旋性切变和正涡度平流触发中尺度气旋发生、发展,β中尺度涡旋是此次特大暴雨过程的直接影响系统。对整层的高度场和流场进行滤波分析发现,此次暴雨过程中的中尺度气旋活跃,强降水雨团与中尺度低层辐合、高层辐散中心基本重合。利用高(低)层中尺度辐散(合)中心位置确定暴雨中心有一定的预报指导作用。     

涡度收支与潜热释放对西南低涡形成的作用

利用中尺度WRF模式对2008年6月30日—7月1日生成于川东南地区的一个西南低涡的发生发展过程进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示低涡首先出现在850 h Pa上,几个小时后700h Pa上才有低涡生成,850 h Pa低涡的形成与西南低空急流有着密切的联系。通过ω方程的诊断分析表明,涡度的水平平流项和辐散项对850 h Pa低涡的形成起主要作用,而潜热释放对850 h Pa低涡的形成作用不大;潜热加热是700 h Pa气流不断辐合从而形成低涡的主要因子。干敏感性试验研究进一步证实了潜热释放对850 h Pa低涡的影响不明显,但是会导致700 h Pa上气旋性的切变加强辐合从而形成低涡。     

THE NORTH-SOUTH ANTI-PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL IN MEIYU PERIODS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH QUASI-BIWEEKLY OSCILLATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Based on the daily rainfall datasets from 740 stations in China from 1954 to 2005 and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the relationship between the north-south anti-phase distribution(APD) of rainfall during Meiyu periods and the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation(QBWO) in the atmosphere was analyzed. Diagnostic results are as follows:(1) there was significant north-south oscillation of Meiyu rainfall during the 16 years from 1954 to 2005. Since the 1990 s, the APD enhanced significantly and showed 2- and 4-6-year period. In the region with more rainfall, the QBWO was always more active.(2) The APD of Meiyu and north-south movements of precipitation in eastern China belong to the same phase.(3) The 10-25 day filtered water vapor flux could spread to the area north of 30°N in 1991. The divergence of the water vapor flux which propagated from middle- and higher- latitudes to the of Yangtze-Huaihe River Basins(YHRB) was significant in 1991, but the latitudes that the water vapor flux could reach were further southward and there was no southward propagation of divergence in 1993.(4) The locations of Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) and 10-25 day anti-cyclone, which modulated WPSH's advancement in and out of the South China Sea, were relatively northward in 1991. Furthermore, the vertical circulation showed north-south deviation between 1991 and 1993, just as other elements of the circulation did.     

贵州冻雨形成的环境场条件及其预报方法

在冬季风暴各种降水类型中,冻雨的预报是其中最有难度,也最具挑战的一种。贵州湖南冻雨是在对流层高、中、低层各纬度天气系统相互作用下形成的,其中最直接和主要的影响系统有:高层的副热带高空急流锋区、低层的云贵准静止锋以及中低层的西南低空急流。在这种复杂的天气背景下,为了准确地分析并预报出冻雨的发生区域,在仔细分析研究冻雨发生的大气背景和天气特点后,我们探索性地提出一套冻雨的诊断预测方法,即“动力因子”和“三步判别法”相结合的方法。同时,我们把该方法应用到中国冻雨最为频发的贵州地区,首先利用动力因子垂直积分的斜压涡度参数（q_Bsum）找到未来因斜压性较强而易发生弱降水的区域,再结合预报场的单站探空资料,进行三步判断方法,就能比较全面地判断冻雨发生的区域,对冻雨进行准确预报。     

影响广西的两次台风暴雨中尺度对比分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、地面加密观测资料及NCEP格点再分析资料,从低层环境场、雷达回波特征、湿位涡分布等方面,对比分析路径相似的"启德"(1213号)和"纳沙"(1117号)台风造成广西降水条件的差异。结果表明:"启德"东侧的东南风急流强,水汽强辐合中心偏于台风中心附近,降水强度大,而"纳沙"水汽辐合主要位于东北气流与东南气流的汇合区,降水范围大;两者在越南北部登陆后其后部均存在窄长带状的中尺度强回波特征,但"纳沙"的螺旋回波雨带伸展范围更宽、持续时间更长;"纳沙"因有冷空气侵入,近地面层气流出现多个分支,更有利于形成中尺度涡旋和气流汇合带,是其比"启德"产生较大范围强降水的重要因素;两者的降水分布与低层湿位涡负值区有较好对应关系,强降水落区主要位于湿正压项(VMPV1)负值区和斜压项(VMPV2)正值区相叠加的区域,而"启德"的VMPV1负值比"纳沙"小,其对应的降水强度也较大。     

Modes of Mesoscale Convective System Organization During Meiyu Season over the Yangtze River Basin

Mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） are classified and investigated through a statistical analysis of composite radar reflectivity data and station observations during June and July 2010-2012. The number of linear-mode MCSs is slightly larger than the number of nonlinear-mode MCSs. Eight types of linear-mode MCSs are identified： trailing stratiform MCSs （TS）, leading stratiform MCSs （LS）, training line/adjoining stratiform MCSs （TL/AS）, back-building/quasi-stationary MCSs （BB）, parallel stratiform MCSs （PS）, bro- ken line MCSs （BL）, embedded line MCSs （EL）, and long line MCSs （LL）. Six of these types have been identified in previous studies, but EL and LL MCSs are described for the first time by this study. TS, LS, PS, and BL MCSs are all moving systems, while TL/AS, BB, EL, and LL MCSs are quasi-stationary. The average duration of linear-mode MCSs is more than 7 h. TL/AS and TS MCSs typically have the longest durations. Linear-mode MCSs often develop close to the Yangtze River, especially over low-lying areas and river valleys. The diurnal cycle of MCS initiation over the Yangtze River valley contains multiple peaks. The vertical distribution of environmental wind is decomposed into storm-relative perpendicular and parallel wind components. The environmental wind field is a key factor in determining the organizational mode of a linear-mode MCS.     

Numerical Study of the Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Spring Persistent Rain over Eastern China

The eff ect of anthropogenic aerosols on the spring persistent rain （SPR） over eastern China is investigated by using a high-resolution Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 （CAM5.1）. The results show that the SPR starts later due to anthropogenic aerosols, with a shortened duration and reduced rainfall amount. A reduction in air temperature over the low latitudes in East Asia is linked to anthropogenic aerosols;so is a weakened southwesterly on the north side of the subtropical high. Meanwhile, air temperature increases signifi cantly over the high latitudes. This north-south asymmetrical thermal eff ect acts to reduce the meridional temperature gradient, weakening the upper-level westerly jet over East Asia and the vertical motion over southeastern China. As a result, the SPR is reduced and has a much shorter duration. The indirect eff ect of anthropogenic aerosols also plays an important role in changing the SPR. Cloud droplet number concentration increases due to anthropogenic aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei, leading to a reduction in cloud eff ective radius over eastern China and a reduced precipitation effi ciency there.