雨雾、雪雾共生天气气象要素分析

利用多通道微波辐射计、边界层风廓线仪及自动/人工气象站等观测资料, 分析了2007年秋冬季北京地区雨雾和雪雾两次共生天气形成与维持过程中地面和高空气象要素伴随降雨、 降雪过程的变化。结果显示:(1) 高湿和小风是雨雾、雪雾生成并造成地面低能见度的主要气象条件。大雾形成与维持过程中, 地面水平能见度与相对湿度的反相关关系非常显著。能见度越低时, 雾的含水量也越高。 (2) 较弱的降雨和降雪可以促使雾含水量减少, 提高能见度, 但降雨或降雪蒸发增湿又利于雾的维持。 (3) 雨雾在降雨过程中高层气温经历大幅增降, 除可能受天气系统影响外, 与云层中水汽凝结释放的大量潜热和含水量大幅度增加也有关系。雪雾在降雪过程中高层温度总体随着时间趋于降低且变化幅度较小。 (4) 在降雨、降雪过程中雨雾和雪雾低层一直存在水汽饱和层, 且饱和层的顶部随降雨和降雪强度的加大而抬升, 厚度不断加大, 造成地面水平能见度进一步下降。结合催化剂人工消雾与共生雾降水 (降雨或降雪) 相似的原理, 个例分析结果初步表明较弱的降雨或降雪过程对消除暖雾、冷雾的影响有限, 对改善地面水平能见度并不显著, 这对人工消雾技术研究具有一定的启发作用。     

人工缓减梅雨锋暴雨的数值试验

本文利用耦合了中国气象科学研究院双参数微物理方案的中尺度数值模式MM5, 对2002年7月22～23日长江中游一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了人工缓减暴雨的冷云催化数值试验。在对降水云系多尺度结构进行正确模拟的基础上, 采用增加人工冰晶的催化方法, 对人工缓减暴雨的可能方法及原理进行研究。结果表明, 不同催化方案得到比较稳定一致的结果, 在云体成熟期大剂量持续催化的减雨效果最好, 在3600 km2内减少雨量8.29×106 t, 即为自然雨量的14.8%, 雨量分布更为均匀, 其中50 mm以上降水范围由原来的190 km2缩减到60 km2。分析表明, 催化增加的大量冰晶碰并过冷雨, 使霰粒子浓度增大而平均尺度减小, 导致霰落速减弱而小于上升运动, 难于下落融化, 造成雨水减小。在周围升速小的弱雨区, 滞留的霰粒长大后仍能下落融化, 引起地面少量增雨。本文所用催化方法在实际作业中具有技术可行性, 并有重大潜在社会和经济效益, 值得深入研究和试验。     

一次弱环境场下的郑州局地暴雨预报难点分析

2009年8月4日夜间,郑州市区发生了一次局地暴雨天气。此次暴雨历时短、强度大,但发生前影响系统较弱,有一定的预报难度。利用常规的高空、地面资料,卫星、雷达和自动站资料及NCEP资料对这次过程的诊断分析结果表明:这次局地暴雨没有强的水汽输送,也没有明显的辐合辐散,不属于郑州典型的强降水过程,而是具有明显的中尺度特征。郑州市低层高温、高湿积累了不稳定能量;弱冷空气的入侵及地面中气旋的生成,触发了不稳定能量的释放,从而形成这次暴雨。     

Flood simulation using the gauge‐adjusted radar rainfall and physics‐based distributed hydrologic model

This paper reports the results of an investigation into flood simulation by areal rainfall estimated from the combination of gauged and radar rainfalls and a rainfall–runoff model on the Anseong‐cheon basin in the southern part of Korea. The spatial and temporal characteristics and behaviour of rainfall are analysed using various approaches combining radar and rain gauges: (1) using kriging of the rain gauge alone; (2) using radar data alone; (3) using mean field bias (MFB) of both radar and rain gauges; and (4) using conditional merging technique (CM) of both radar and rain gauges. To evaluate these methods, statistics and hyetograph for rain gauges and radar rainfalls were compared using hourly radar rainfall data from the Imjin‐river, Gangwha, rainfall radar site, Korea. Then, in order to evaluate the performance of flood estimates using different rainfall estimation methods, rainfall–runoff simulation was conducted using the physics‐based distributed hydrologic model, Vflo^?. The flood runoff hydrograph was used to compare the calculated hydrographs with the observed one. Results show that the rainfall field estimated by CM methods improved flood estimates, because it optimally combines rainfall fields representing actual spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controls of streamflow generation in small catchments across the snow–rain transition in the Southern Sierra Nevada,California

Processes controlling streamflow generation were determined using geochemical tracers for water years 2004–2007 at eight headwater catchments at the Kings River Experimental Watersheds in southern Sierra Nevada. Four catchments are snow‐dominated, and four receive a mix of rain and snow. Results of diagnostic tools of mixing models indicate that Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? behaved conservatively in the streamflow at all catchments, reflecting mixing of three endmembers. Using endmember mixing analysis, the endmembers were determined to be snowmelt runoff (including rain on snow), subsurface flow and fall storm runoff. In seven of the eight catchments, streamflow was dominated by subsurface flow, with an average relative contribution (% of streamflow discharge) greater than 60%. Snowmelt runoff contributed less than 40%, and fall storm runoff less than 7% on average. Streamflow peaked 2–4 weeks earlier at mixed rain–snow than snow‐dominated catchments, but relative endmember contributions were not significantly different between the two groups of catchments. Both soil water in the unsaturated zone and regional groundwater were not significant contributors to streamflow. The contributions of snowmelt runoff and subsurface flow, when expressed as discharge, were linearly correlated with streamflow discharge (R² of 0.85–0.99). These results suggest that subsurface flow is generated from the soil–bedrock interface through preferential pathways and is not very sensitive to snow–rain proportions. Thus, a declining of the snow–rain ratio under a warming climate should not systematically affect the processes controlling the streamflow generation at these catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近百年中国汛期雨带类型气侯变化

利用近百年中国夏季雨带类型资料，统计得其10年际变化趋势，并用马尔科夫概型分析的方法计算实际各状态间的转移概率及其优势成分、各状态间的可置换性和持续性，探讨了近百年雨带类型的气候变化规律及成因。     

打炮增雨原因分析

从爆炸冲击波对云的微观影响出发，分析了打炮增雨的道理，并提出了打炮增雨应掌握的条件。     

多普勒速度图暴雨判据和短时预报工具研究

对3824-C波段全相参多普勒天气雷达1995-1999年径向速度场资料中逆风区进行统计分析，认为近距离逆风区可成为暴雨短时预报的一个有参考价值的判据，并给出人机交互识别逆风区工具的设计和实现方法。     

李雅普诺夫不稳定性与暴雨发生的关系

用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论第二方法的概念，找出一个与大气扰动微分方程组有关的李雅普诺夫函数δ￣２Ｓ，用δ￣２Ｓ与其导数乘积的符号确定系统的稳定性，诊断暴雨落区和强度。在１９９３年６～８月暴雨预报试验中，三峡地区发生８次暴雨过程，报出５次。