The Unprecedented Freezing Disaster in January 2008 in Southern China and Its Possible Association with the Global Warming

The unprecedented disaster of low temperature and persistent rain, snow, and ice storms, causing widespread freezing in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China in January 2008, is not a local or regional event, but a part of the chain events of large-scale low temperature and snow storms in the same period in Asia. The severity and impacts of the southern China 2008 freezing disaster were the most significant among others. This disastrous event was characterized by three major features： （1） snowfall, freezing rain, and rainfall, the three forms of precipitation, coexisted with freezing rain being the dominant producer responsible for the disaster; （2） low temperature, rain and snow, and freezing rain exhibited extremely great intensity, with record-breaking measurements observed for eight meteorological variables based on the statistics made by China National Climate Center and the provincial meteorological services in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China; （3） the disastrous weathers persisted for an exceptionally long time period, unrecorded before in the meteorological observation history of China.
The southern China 2008 freezing disaster may be resulted from multiple different factors that superimpose on and interlink with one another at the right time and place. Among them, the La Nina situation is a climate background that provided conducive conditions for the intrusions of cold air into southern China; the persistent anomaly of the atmospheric circulation in Eurasia is the direct cause for a succession of cold air incursions into southern China; and the northward transport of warm and moist airflows from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea finally warranted the formation of the freezing rain and snow storms and their prolonged dominance in the southern areas of China.
A preliminary discussion of a possible association of this disastrous event with the global warming is presented. This event may be viewed as a short-term regional perturbation to the global warming. There is no     

A Study of the Teleconnections in the Asian-Pacific Monsoon Region

The interactions among the Asian-Pacific monsoon subsystems have significant impacts on the climatic regimes in the monsoon region and even the whole world. Based on the domestic and foreign related research, an analysis is made of four different teleconnection modes found in the Asian-Pacific monsoon region, which reveal clearly the interactions among the Indian summer monsoon （ISM）, the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, and the western North Pacific summer monsoon （WNPSM）. The results show that： （1） In the period of the Asian monsoon onset, the date of ISM onset is two weeks earlier than the beginning of the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Basin, and a teleconnection mode is set up from the southwestern India via the Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Yangtze River Basin and southern Japan, i.e., the ＂southern＂ teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon. （2） In the Asian monsoon culmination period, the precipitation of the Yangtze River Basin is influenced significantly by the WNPSM through their teleconnection relationship, and is negatively related to the WNPSM rainfall, that is, when the WNPSM is weaker than normal, the precipitation of the Yangtze River Basin is more than normal. （3） In contrast to the rainfall over the Yangtze River Basin, the precipitation of northern China （from the 4th pentad of July to the 3rd pentad of August） is positively related to the WNPSM. When the WNPSM is stronger than normal, the position of the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） becomes farther northeast than normal, the anomalous northeastward water vapor transport along the southwestern flank of WPSH is converged over northern China, providing adequate moisture for more rainfalls than normal there. （4） The summer rainfall in northern China has also a positive correlation with the ISM. During the peak period of ISM, a teleconnection pattern is formed from Northwest India via the Tibetan Plateau to northern China, i.e., the ＂northern＂ teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon. The     

江淮梅雨分区特征的比较研究

对江淮地区63站1957—2003年6—7月平均的月降水、梅雨期降水量和入梅期进行旋转经验正交展开, 将江淮梅雨区分为中心区、东南区和西北区。三子区入梅出梅的早晚顺序依次为东南区、中心区、西北区, 与雨带地理位置的时间变化一致。三子区梅雨参数存在不同的年际、年代际变化特征。在趋势变化上, 西北区与其他两区的差异很明显。中心区和东南区的梅雨长度和梅雨量存在上升趋势, 出梅期推迟; 西北区梅雨参数的变化与中心区、东南区相反。分析江淮各子区梅雨异常所对应的环流形势结果表明:北半球500 hPa高度场各区多雨年减少雨年的差值图上都呈现正负相间的波状结构, 东南区与中心区的正负差值分布型类似, 但比中心区的略偏东和偏南; 西北区与中心区、东南区呈现出相反的形势。各区早入梅年减晚入梅年北半球的500 hPa高度场正负差值分布形势基本类似, 但东南区较中心区偏东, 西北区较之偏西。     

重庆地区近10年酸雨时空分布和季节变化特征分析

利用2005年重庆各区县31个观测站降水的pH值资料分析了当年整个地区的降水酸度的空间分布和季节变化特征,并选取中国气象局酸雨观测网中沙坪坝、涪陵、万县、奉节和巴东5个观测站点1997年至2006年的酸雨观测数据,对重庆地区近10年来酸雨的时空分布特征和季节变化情况进行了统计分析.研究结果表明:重庆地区降水酸性和电导率的地区间差异较大,降水酸性的季节变化较明显,冷季(秋、冬)较暖季(春、夏)要强.西南部降水酸性较强,受污染程度也较严重,但没有明显的变化趋势;东北部大多为弱酸性降水,且受污染程度也较轻,但是日趋酸化和污染加重的趋势却较明显,且季节变化尤为明显,其中夏秋两季pH值的明显减小是其近10年来酸化加重的主要原因.涪陵的数据明显不同,酸性降水频率较低,pH值偏高的同时电导率也偏高,2001年前后情况尤为明显,可能受局地因素的影响比较大.     

应用湿Q矢量分解理论诊断分析“05．7”梅雨锋暴雨

利用Q矢量分解理论对发生于2005年7月的一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并对比分析了原非地转湿Q矢量（Q^＊）和改进后的非地转湿Q矢量（Q^M）的诊断能力。结果显示：对流凝结潜热的释放对此次梅雨暴雨中尺度系统的形成和维持起到非常重要的作用;将Q^M分解为平行和垂直于等位温线两个方向后,发现在暴雨强盛阶段,低层大气是以大尺度辐合为主,中高层相反,且南北方向有次级环流出现,表明次天气尺度的持续性水汽汇集和正反馈机制是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因子．     

东亚冬季风经向异常与后期嘉兴梅雨关系

利用1948—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 定义了一个可以反映中高纬度间冬季风强弱差异的冬季风经向变化指数 (WMMCI), 该指数与东亚冬季风指数有较好的对应关系。强 (弱) 冬季风年后期嘉兴梅雨偏多 (少) 为主, 年际、年代际关系对应为正相关, 并对后期降水有持续影响, WMMCI指数持续增强 (减弱) 2年并处于强 (弱) 冬季风年时, 后期嘉兴梅雨持续偏多 (少), 嘉兴梅雨降水升高或降低的变化趋势滞后于该指数变化。对500 hPa高度场距平合成分析表明:强 (弱) 冬季风年北正 (负) 南负 (正) 的距平分布使中高纬度经向 (纬向) 环流发展, 有利 (不利) 于冷空气南下影响, 并对后期大气环流产生持续影响, 从而有利 (不利) 于降水。冬季风经向异常对嘉兴后期降水持续影响的一个可能解释是, 持续增强 (减弱) 的强 (弱) 冬季风使赤道太平洋地区盛行风向发生改变, 使赤道太平洋海温变化出现异常, 触发El Ni?o (La Ni?a) 事件, 从而对后期大气环流造成持续影响。     

梅汛期100hPa南亚高压特征与江苏梅雨关系研究

通过2002～2005年南亚高压特征指数、高空槽变化过程分析,讨论了南压高压对江苏梅雨期和主要降水落区的影响.并结合近15年南亚高压特征指数,探讨了不同梅雨年型的特征指数区域分布关系.同时利用2002～2005年45年NCEP 100 hPa高度场资料,分析了不同梅雨年型高空环流形势差异.得出:(1) 南亚高压特征指数变化和西风槽移动与江苏梅期(入梅、出梅、梅期、梅雨量和落区)特征有密切关系.(2) 梅雨期100 hPa南亚高压的平均特征对梅期特征和梅雨年型有很好的对应关系.6～7月和梅雨期间南亚高压脊线和东伸指数平均值对梅雨强度指数具有一定的预报指示意义.     

ANALYSIS OF THE WESTWARD EXTENSION OFWESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH DURING A HEAVY RAIN PERIOD OVERSOUTHERN CHINA IN JUNE 2005

The NCEP/NCAR II daily mean reanalysis data and observed precipitation data are employed to investigate the westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during the heavy rain period over the southern China in June 2005. Results show that there may exist a relationship between the east-west shift of the WPSH and the process of a southern China heavy rain. The analysis indicates that the vertical motion in the WPSH area is mainly caused by the latent heat release of monsoon rain belts on its northern and southern sides. The vertical motion could cause the accumulation of air mass in the center and west of the WPSH, which leads to its strengthening. The appearance of the northern and southern monsoon rain belts could not only enhance the WPSH by strengthening the descending draft, but also excite the development of positive vorticity and restrict the WPSH’s movement in the north–south direction. Moreover, the Indian monsoon rainfall to the west of the WPSH may excite the development of anticyclonic vorticity on its eastern side, which leads to the westward extension of the WPSH.     

对流层上层斜压波包活动与2003年江淮流域梅雨的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国740站逐日降水资料, 研究了2003年淮河流域梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波动的传播情况。结果发现, 斜压波组织成波包向下游传播且具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于巴尔喀什湖西北侧, 沿着西北－东南向的路径向东南传播, 传至江淮流域大约需要3天。斜压波包所带来的扰动能量为江淮流域暴雨的发生发展提供了必要的能量积聚。通过与1998和1997年这两个梅雨年份的比较, 发现1998年异常强梅雨年的斜压波包的活动特征与2003年的相似, 但在梅雨降水非常偏少的1997年, 未发现有明显的斜压波包向下游的传播。     

暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究

本文总结了近年来我们在暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究领域的主要成果。从广义位涡理论、梅雨锋及变形锋生、暴雨中尺度系统的不稳定性、有限区域风场分解技术对暴雨中尺度系统的识别、中尺度波流相互作用理论以及数值模拟研究等方面进行了分类概括。对暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断的研究回顾表明,雷达资料同化进入模式有效地改进了对中尺度系统发生、发展的模拟结果;一些新的物理量,如非均匀饱和位涡、对流涡度矢量、变形场锋生以及有限区域风场分解方法等在暴雨中尺度系统及热带对流发展诊断分析中得到了广泛应用。同时,波流相互作用理论也被应用到了中尺度系统发展的动力分析研究中。