近52年淮河流域的梅雨

气候资料表明梅雨期不仅出现于长江中下游区，也会出现于淮河流域中南部。为此应用淮河流域分布均匀的5站日雨量资料结合西太平洋副热带高压脊线的季节进程划分出近52年（1953—2004年）淮河流域梅雨期。该处梅雨期和长江中下游沿江区一样十分显著，其平均入梅及出梅期分别比长江中下游沿江区推迟5 d和7 d，其梅雨量年际丰枯是形成该地区汛期旱涝的主要因素。江淮流域梅雨在多数年趋势一致，但有1/4年份淮河梅雨与长江中下游沿江区距平符号相反。1979年附近淮河梅雨出现突变，即由此前的梅雨偏少、出梅偏早趋势突变为有较大振幅的2.2~2.3年短波振荡，梅雨量大及出梅迟年明显增多。在1979年前后也因此出现了两段梅雨异常期:1958—1966年淮河枯梅期和1979—1987年淮河丰梅期。进一步发现7月东亚中纬沿海槽的伸缩对淮河梅雨量、出梅的影响比鄂霍次克海高压及乌拉尔高压更显著。     

中国梅雨影响因子的研究综述

本文主要回顾了中国气象学者对季风系统下的梅雨及梅雨的大尺度影响因子方面的主要研究进展,并总结了有关中国梅雨的划分与预测方面的最新研究成果。最后,本文还提出了有关梅雨影响因子及预测等方面值得进一步研究的问题。     

江淮梅雨期最低气温的气候特征分析

利用江淮地区70个测站1961~2001年历年6月第2侯至7月第2侯最低气温资料,采用旋转经验正交展开(REOF)方法对江淮地区梅雨期最低气温场进行客观分区,并分析了各区域最低气温的长期演变趋势。结果表明:江淮地区梅雨期最低气温场可分为3个区域,各区域的最低气温均具有明显的年际、年代际变化特征,且存在着显著差异,其中东北区明显上升,而南方区和西北区呈降低趋势;各区域存在明显不同的年际、年代际方差构成、突变特征和多尺度振荡周期。     

江南北部地区梅雨期降水与海温的SVD分析

对江南北部地区梅雨期降水和海温的SVD分析结果表明，与江南北部地区梅雨期降水异常相关的海温分布型是西正东负型，关键区恰好处于相关最显著的部位。前一年10—12月为海温的关键影响时段，且与梅雨期降水有很好的正相关关系。在该海温异常型的影响之下，江南北部地区次年梅雨期降水异常表现为同位相变化特征，而长江以南的下游地区为受其影响最显著的区域。     

SIMULATION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE SUMMER OF 1998 OVER CHINA WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL*

The heavy rainfall in the summer of 1998 over China has been simulated with the NCC Regional Climate Model(RegCM_NCC).It was successful for RegCM_NCC to reproduce the location and seasonal shift of the seasonal rain belt in the summer of 1998 over China.The rainy season in the summer of 1998 over China can be divided into 7 episodes,including the pre-summer rainy season in South China.the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin,short appearance of North China rain season and the retreat of seasonal rain belt,the second Meiyu season over the Yangtze River Valley,the rainy period over the Yellow and Huaihe River Valley and the seasonal retreat of rain belt over North China.The shortcoming of the RegCM_NCC is over-estimation of precipitation amounts.The regions with large latent heat flux,upper soil moisture and total runoff are located in the rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.On the contrary,the regions with small sensible heat flux are located in the simulated rainy area and move with the simulated rain belt during the different episodes.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOVEMENT OF THE MEIYU/BAIU RAIN BELT AND THE PERIODIC NORTHWESTWARD PROPAGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY FROM TROPICAL WEST PACIFIC*

In order to investigate the effect of the factors in tower latitudes on Meiyu/Baiu front,a diagnostic analysis for the two cases during June to July of 1985 and 1986 was examined.We found that (1) when the tropical convective activity moves westward to 10.5-15.5'N/140°E from east side of 10.5-15.5°N/160°E,the northward shifts of the Meiyu/Baiu rain belt occurs;(2)the main factor which results in the northward and southward shifts of Meiyu/Baiu rain belt is thought as the 8,18 and 30 day oscillations of the tropical convective activity around West Pacific.Meanwhile,the wave train propagating from Lake Baikal via Okhotsk Sea to the tropics could sometimes shift Baiu rain belt southward;(3) the onsets of Meiyu in China of both cases tend to take place just when the convective activity around lower latitudes moves westward through about 140°E with the 8,18 and 30 day oscillation periods firstly coming to June.     

METEOROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE SECOND MEIYU EPISODE IN 1998

This article examined the meteorological features of the second Meiyu/Baiu episode(hereafterMeiyu Ⅱ)in 1998 and the results are summarized as follows:(1)The Meiyu Ⅱ period in 1998 hasbeen the longest and the most delayed ending one since 1885,which caused the great flood aroundthe Yangtze River Basin.The circulation situation in Meiyu Ⅱ is so typical that the averagegeopotential height and wind fields at 500 hPa and 850 hPa are very similar to monthly mean inJune.The abnormal circulation in Meiyu Ⅱ is associated with an adjusting of the Okhotsk high andshort period south-north oscillation of the subtropical high.(2)The heavy rainfall around theYangtze River during Meiyu Ⅱ period is closely related to a persistent shear line,a clear eastwardmoving vortex structure and a very strong jet flow at lower levels.It is very clear that the strongdivergence at higher levels and convergence at lower levels occurred in situ during Meiyu Ⅱ period.(3)It is very clear that the convective activity propagates eastward quickly with a period about 7days during Meiyu Ⅱ period.     

1998年二度梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压活动的诊断分析

文章对1998年长江流域二度梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压的活动与大气经圈环流的关系进行了分析。结果指出，副高的进退与经圈环流的调整有着密切的关系。副高的北跳并不是由与其相联系的反环流下沉支直接北移所引起的。低纬度深厚上升运动的发展不利于副高维持在较低的纬度，而中纬度反环流的突然向南调整则有利于副高在更北的纬度建立，于是副高出现突然北跳的现象。它是江淮地区出梅的一种经圈环流调整形式。副高在稳定期间，随着与它相联系的反环流的南北运动而作相应的南北运动。副高在南退之前，对流层顶附近有反环流生成，然后迅速向南运动，副高也随之迅速南退。     

梅雨暴雨与高空急流的统计与动力分析

对1991、1996、1998年梅雨暴雨与高空急流进行了统计与合成分析。结果表明，大尺度环流形势稳定是1991、1998年梅雨期局部降水时间较长的主要原因，1996年环流形势多变，难以在局地长久维持。梅雨暴雨与高空急流关系密切，暴雨多出现在西北风高空急流的右前方或西南风高空急流的右后方。西南风高空急流造成梅雨暴雨的高层辐散场多由经向风辐散形成，西北风高空急流多出现纬向风辐散，当其与南亚高压东部的经向风辐散配合时往往会造成较强的暴雨，1998年这类情况出现最多。南亚高压东北象限的偏北风对雨区南侧季风反环流的形成有重要作用。     

几种Q矢量的比较

利用1991-07-05T20—06T20一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实况资料,结合地面降水分布,从定性(矢量场,即Q)、定量(散度场,即2∇·Q)的角度细致、具体地比较分析了准地转Q矢量、半地转Q矢量、非地转Q矢量及湿Q矢量的诊断特性。结果表明:半地转Q矢量诊断能力优越于准地转Q矢量。非地转Q矢量、湿Q矢量诊断能力明显优越于准地转Q矢量、半地转Q矢量。准地转Q矢量诊断能力最差;从定性的角度分析,非地转Q矢量与湿Q矢量诊断能力相差不大。但进一步定量分析发现,在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中,湿Q矢量的诊断能力大于其他Q矢量;700hPa高度上各Q矢量的矢量、散度辐合区较其在850hPa和500hPa上对降水反映更好,尤其是700hPa湿Q矢量散度辐合区与降水区有非常好的对应关系。