北上热带气旋气候特征分析

北上热带气旋是影响我国华北和东北地区的重要天气系统,其带来的大风和暴雨,常常造成我国北方地区的风灾和水灾。利用建国以来56 a的气象资料,对影响我国的北上热带气旋进行气候分析。结果表明:从时间上看,平均每年约有3个北上热带气旋,最早出现在5月下旬,最晚出现在11月中旬,其中以7月和8月为最多;每年6—9月为北上热带气旋登陆季节,7月和8月登陆的热带气旋占85%。从强度上看,能够到达北方的热带气旋一般都是较强的热带气旋,在进入北上热带气旋定义区后,总体强度明显减弱,但在进入黄渤海时仍能够达到台风的强度;与北上热带气旋相比,北上登陆热带气旋的强度更大。统计分析发现,在辽宁和华北登陆的热带气旋,其强度大于在山东半岛登陆的热带气旋。北上登陆热带气旋和北转向、中转向的热带气旋一般均能产生暴雨和大风。     

夏季进入北极温带气旋的活动特征及其影响因素

进入北极地区的气旋在移动过程中往往伴有大风、强降水等特征,对北极气候变化有深刻的影响。基于NCEP2再分析资料,识别并跟踪了北半球夏季(6—8月)从中纬度进入北极的温带气旋,考察了其年际变化特征和影响因素。结果表明：1979—2019年夏季进入北极的温带气旋共867个,其中消失在北极边缘区域和中心区域的数量分别为688个和161个,且后者平均强度更大、平均持续时间更长。分区域研究发现,夏季从陆地进入极区的气旋个数较多,而从海洋进入极区的气旋强度更大,活动更为剧烈。对进入北极的气旋年际时间序列进行分析发现,夏季进入北极的气旋个数和强度均存在年际变率,其中气旋个数的年际变率尤为显著。气旋个数年际变率主要周期为5 a,强度的主要周期约为2.7 a。进一步分析发现,引导气流是影响气旋向北移动的重要因素。此外,夏季北大西洋气旋强度与同期北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)指数存在较好相关。研究还表明,进入极区气旋活动的年际变化受大气斜压不稳定性的影响,在北太平洋地区区域平均的Eady增长率与气旋个数和强度的相关性均最强,相关系数分别为0.4和0.5。     

ANALYSIS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALL ON DIFFERENT REGIONS OF CHINESE MAINLAND

The locations(longitudes and latitudes)of the tropical cyclones(TCs)making landfall on the Chinese mainland from 1949 to 2008 are investigated in detail by using ArcGis and FORTRAN routine.The southeast coastline[110 to 122°E)with most landfall TCs was selected as the key region,which was divided into 12 subsections with 1°intervals of longitude.The study period was from July to September in each year.The result showed that the average sustaining time of TCs making landfall on the subsections east of 118°E is longer than those west of 118°E.Before landfall,the averaged TC intensity in the subsections east of118°E is stronger than that west of it.After landfall,however,the difference between the west and east is not significant.The index of destructive potential for the period before/after landfall was defined as TDP1/TDP2.The maximum of TDP1/TDP2 occurred in the subsection of[119,120°E)/[110,111°E).The ENSO impact on the frequency and average location of landfall TC over the whole region at 110 to 122°E is not obvious,but the effect varies with specific subsections.There is little differences of averaged TDP1 in the subsections between different phases of ENSO events,but the averaged TDP2 is larger in the warm events than that in the cold events.The rainstorm days of each station caused by TCs in different subsections were counted respectively.The results suggested that the rainstorm days of the subsections east of 118°E are much more than those west of 118°E.The larger values are primarily distributed at the subsections of[119,120°E)and[110,111°E).     

INTENSITY CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AS REVEALED BY THREE DIFFERENT DATASETS

Analyzed in this paper are the 20-yr(1991-2010)tropical cyclone(TC)intensity from three forecast centers in the Western North Pacific,i.e.China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA),and Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)of the United States.Results show that there is more or less discrepancy in the intensity change of a TC among different datasets.The maximum discrepancy reaches 22 hPa/6h(42 hPa/6h,33 hPa/6h)between CMA and JMA(CMA and JTWC,JMA and JTWC).Special attention is paid to the records for abrupt intensity change,which is currently a difficult issue for forecasters globally.It is found that an abrupt intensity change process recorded by one dataset can have,in some extreme cases,intensity change in another dataset varying from 0 to≥10 hPa/6h with the same sign or the opposite sign.In a total of 2511 cases experiencing rapid intensity change,only 14%have consensus among all the three datasets and 25%have agreement between two of the three datasets.In spite of such a significant uncertainty,the three datasets agree on the general statistical characteristics of abrupt intensity change,including regional and seasonal distribution,the relationship with initial intensity and TC moving speed,and persistence features.Notable disagreement is on very strong systems(SuperTY)and TCs moving very fast.     

热带气旋Meranti(2010)异常路径的成因分析

采用MTSAT2卫星红外云图资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了热带气旋Meranti(2010)异常路径的成因。结果表明:Meranti的路径由西行、打转、北上三个阶段组成。在西行、北上阶段,环境场引导流起着主要作用,Meranti的非对称结构对其也有一定影响,非对称对流系统的作用较弱。在打转阶段,环境场引导流和非对称结构均不能解释Meranti打转的原因,而非对称对流系统则起着主要作用。不同阶段的Meranti外缘线的分形维数特征存在明显区别。在西行、北上阶段,其分形维数处于高值段且变化平缓;在打转阶段,则处于低值段且变化较大。     

CLIMATE PREDICTION EXPERIMENT FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS FREQUENCY USING THE LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION FORECAST BY A COUPLED GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODEL

Based on an analysis of the relationship between the tropical cyclone genesis frequency and large-scale circulation anomaly in NCEP reanalysis, large-scale atmosphere circulation information forecast by the JAMSTEC SINTEX-F coupled model is used to build a statistical model to predict the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. The SINTEX-F coupled model has relatively good prediction skill for some circulation features associated with the cyclogenesis frequency including sea level pressure, wind vertical shear, Intertropical Convergence Zone and cross-equatorial air flows. Predictors derived from these large-scale circulations have good relationships with the cyclogenesis frequency over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific. A multivariate linear regression （MLR） model is further designed using these predictors. This model shows good prediction skill with the anomaly correlation coefficient reaching, based on the cross validation, 0.71 between the observed and predicted cyclogenesis frequency. However, it also shows relatively large prediction errors in extreme tropical cyclone years （1994 and 1998, for example）.     

2012年4月2日华东灾害性飑线大风成因分析

2012年4月2-3日华东地区出现8～11级灾害性大风,此次大风影响时间长,持续强度大,造成了严重的人员伤亡和经济损失。为探讨大风天气成因,运用传统的天气学方法和多普勒雷达等资料,对此次飑线大风过程产生的天气背景及中尺度发展演变特征进行了分析。结果表明,此次大风是由中尺度系统飑线和冷空气共同影响造成的。前期是在江淮气旋天气背景下,近地面激发出中尺度飑线系统,飑线经历了形成、发展、减弱三个阶段,在每个阶段,雷达强度图上的回波形状、强度、回波顶高,以及速度图上的逆风区、速度模糊等特征都与实况有很好的对应关系;在发展成熟阶段出现了冷湿雷暴高压和冷池,加剧了大风的发展和维持。后期大风主要是受冷空气影响产生。在实际业务工作中,传统的天气学分析方法和以多普勒雷达为代表的先进探测手段相结合,是监测和预警此类强对流天气的主要手段,能够在一定程度上弥补数值预报模式的不足。     

华东地区热带气旋年频数异常的分析

利用 NCEP 1960 ～ 1997 年月平均 500 hPa 高度、1000 hPa 的风场和温度、JM A 海表温度资料及 NCA R O LR 资料进行合成分析, 给出了影响华东地区热带气旋(T C)偏多年与偏少年的前秋冬季不同的大气环流、O LR 和海表温度场特征, 从中可看到冬季风活动对 T C 年频数异常有影响。 在此基础上建立了华东地区热带气旋年频数异常的概念模型, 并且进行了试用, 其结果表明该概念模型对华东地区热带气旋年频数的短期气候预测有参考价值。     

越赤道气流准双周振荡对西北太平洋台风路径的调制作用

利用美国联合台风预警中心（Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC）热带气旋（tropicalcy—clone,TC）数据、NCEP／NCAR再分析风场资料,研究了越赤道气流准双周振荡对西北太平洋台风路径的调制作用。将西北太平洋台风路径划分为：西行路径、西北行路径、转向登陆中国路径、转向中日之间路径、转向登陆日本路径、转向日本以东路径和140°E以东路径。利用超前滞后回归方法,合成分析了6—10月不同路径台风对应的越赤道气流准双周振荡的低频环流演变过程。结果表明,925hPa越赤道气流及与其相联系的经向风存在明显10～20d准双周振荡现象,且对西北太平洋台风路径预报具有一定的指示作用。在西太平洋赤道地区,低频越赤道气流强度、演变特征影响着西北太平洋低频气旋的位置和移动方向,调节风场强辐合带与季风槽的位置与强度,继而对台风生成位置、移动路径产生重要的影响。初步认为,强向北低频越赤道气流分量有利于北侧低频气旋加强和向北传播,继而使得强辐合带、季风槽位置偏北,台风易于在此区域生成且沿着强辐合带位置移动。而弱向北低频分量或向南低频分量则不利于台风转向移动。     

2014年8月大气环流和天气分析

2014年8月环流特征如下：北半球高纬地区极涡为偶极型,中高纬地区为4波型分布,西北太平洋副热带高压异常偏南偏强,8月全国平均降水量为104．4 mm,比常年同期（105．3 mm）略偏少0．9％。;8月全国平均气温为20．6℃,较常年同期（20．8℃）偏低0．2℃。月内共有8次强降水过程,多站出现了极端日降水量。1949年以来首次在西北太平洋和南海8月无台风生成,只有一个从东太平洋移入的1314号台风吉纳维芙。8月在长江中下游地区出现了低温寡照天气。