Deposition of trace substances via cloud interception on a coniferous forest at Kleiner Feldberg

A resistance model to calculate the deposition of cloud droplets on a coniferous forest and some improved parameterizations of the indispensable input parameters are described. The deposition model is adapted to the coniferous forest at the Kleiner Feldberg site and verified by the data of a drip water monitoring station below the forest canopy. The measurements of liqud water content, wind speed and trace substance compounds in cloud water of the Ground-based Cloud Experiment (GCE) at Kleiner Feldberg in 1990 are used to calculate the cloud water deposition fluxes and the deposition of trace substances via cloud water interception. The calculated deposition of trace substances via cloud water interceptions is three to six times higher than via rain during the experiment. On a long term data basis the yearly amount of cloud water deposition is 180 mm year^–1 at Kleiner Feldberg site (840 m a.s.l.) while the precipitation amount is 1030 mm year^–1. Due to higher trace substance concentrations in cloud water compared to rain the ionic deposition via cloud water interception and via precipitation were assessed to be of comparable magnitude.     

Elasticity soltion of rupture model of shallow earthquake

Based on the theory of elastic mechanics, and using the typical rupture model of shallow earthquake, the authors considered the shallow earthquake as a plane mechanical problem, which was constructed the corresponding mechanical model. By the stress components' formulas of the semi-infinite model acted by the finite even shearing force, the main stress is deduced. It is clear that the sector on the right of the center section is squeezed zone, where the maximum principal stress points at the "source of stress", and that on the left is tensile zone, where the minimum principal stress points to the "source of stress".     

Scaling of response spectrum and duration for aftershocks

Aftershocks have the potential to cause collapse of a structure that has been already damaged by the preceding main shock. Seismic safety of a structure should therefore be ascertained through a damage analysis using the anticipated main shock and few larger-aftershock motions. Simulation of aftershock motions needs characterization of the seismic hazard due to aftershocks, and therefore it will be useful to develop a conditional scaling model that can predict the response spectrum of an anticipated aftershock motion consistent with the design spectrum of the main shock motion anticipated at the same station. In this study an attempt is made to develop a conditional scaling model for the pseudo spectral velocity spectrum via linear regression analysis on the aftershock and main shock recordings for the 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake. It is shown that it may be possible to obtain a simpler and approximate version of the conditional model from an unconditional model. Damage-causing potential of a ground motion also depends on its strong motion duration (SMD) and therefore a conditional scaling model is developed for SMD of the aftershock motion in several narrow frequency-bands. The model is developed for the larger-aftershock motions and it is shown that a reasonable replacement of such a model may be obtainable directly from an unconditional model. Finally, a simple weighted averaging scheme is proposed to obtain the composite SMD from the SMDs for different frequency bands by using the pseudo spectral acceleration spectrum of the motion.     

现代草地沙漠化中自然因素贡献率的确定方法

基于草地沙漠化发展过程中流沙面积变化模型和植被盖度变化模型,结合沙漠化监测资料,提出了一种定量确定自然因素在沙漠化中贡献率的方法,从而也可以间接地推算人为因素在沙漠化中的贡献率。以内蒙古奈曼旗现代草地沙漠化为例对模型进行了应用,效果良好,并发现人类活动停止后,如果随后不出现持续的干旱年份,沙漠化所造成的流沙一般经过4~5 a的时间就会自然消失,说明在计算时段内草地沙漠化中自然因素的贡献率为零。     

A hybrid discrete–finite element model for numerical simulation of geomaterials

A hybrid discrete–finite element model is introduced for simulation of mechanical behavior of geomaterials. The soil or rock is modeled as a system of discrete balls that interact through normal and shear springs. The balls can be bonded at the contact points to withstand the applied deviatoric stresses. The important feature of this model is that the confining walls that can be imagined for example as the surrounding membrane or the mold in a physical test are modeled by deformable finite elements. This allows simulation of laboratory test features more realistically compared to the situations where the surrounding walls are rigid. The relationships between micro- and macro-properties are investigated in this paper as well. These relationships and the corresponding curves are helpful tools in calibration of the numerical model for the macroscopic elastic properties.     

利用区域GPS网进行高海拔流动站的对流层延迟量内插

对流层延迟是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）计算的主要误差之一,其模型精度对测站坐标解算有较大影响,在高程方向尤为明显。因此,有必要对不同的对流层延迟改正模型的适用性进行评估。采用SHA解算了中国陆态网GNSS跟踪站的对流层天顶延迟数据,对常用的对流层改正模型EGNOS/UNB3m/GPT/GPT2的天顶延迟量在中国不同区域、不同季节的适用性进行了分析。结果显示,4种模型的RMS均为4~5 cm,各模型RMS之差小于1 cm,其中GPT2模型的RMS最小;4种模型的平均偏差（BIAS）为1 cm左右,GPT2模型的BIAS最大,为1.5 cm;时间上,各个模型在夏季精度普遍较低,这是因为夏季水汽丰富,对流层湿延迟变化较大;空间上,各模型在东南沿海精度较低,因为东南沿海气候湿润,湿延迟变化较大;各模型精度对测站高程不敏感,精度在比较高的测站并无明显降低。通过对不同模型在中国区域的精度分析,验证该改正模型可以为中国区域用户的对流层模型的选择提供一定的参考。     

上海市三甲医院对周边地区住房价格的空间影响效应分析

选取上海市区7家三级甲等综合性医院,运用特征价格模型和多元回归分析方法,实证分析它们对周边住宅价格的空间影响效应。研究结果显示：① 总体上,相比其他环境区位因素,三甲医院对周边住宅价格的影响程度较小,而建筑面积、物业管理费、学区房、轨道交通、建筑楼高、至 CBD 的距离等因素的影响程度较大。② 三甲综合医院对周边住宅价格产生负面影响。在相同情况下,住宅离医院距离越近,则价格越低。住宅与医院的距离每缩短50 m,住宅价格平均下浮0.602%。③ 由于三甲综合医院区位各不相同,距离CBD远近不一,对住宅价格的影响也存在空间差异。一般来说,距离CBD越近,住宅价格受医院的负面影响也越小。     

返乡农民工旅游就业认知与意愿的实证研究

运用贵州省马岭河景区周边3个乡镇返乡农民工的调查数据及Logistic回归模型,对农民工旅游就业意愿及其影响因素进行了计量经济分析。研究表明,农民工旅游就业的意愿受到其年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、务工时间、务工月收入、对当地旅游发展的认同度、对旅游就业的认知以及旅游地相关就业政策的满意度等多种因素的影响。基于实证研究结果,就如何通过正确引导和解决返乡农民工的后续就业问题提出了相应的理论思考和政策建议。     

基于GIS的福州市医疗机构空间分布研究

利用GIS技术,计算医疗机构的质量指数、距离指数以及频率指数,同时构建福州市市区医疗机构的优势度模型,并实现了GIS空间分析可视化．研究结果显示：1）福州市主要的综合性医疗中心大部分分布在鼓楼区、台江区,晋安区、仓山区数量较少．2）随着福州城市化进程加快,医疗机构的发展跟不上人口分布的变化,在金山地区表现尤为明显．建议有关部门给予重视,为区域可持续发展,合理配置医疗站点．     

基于银行网点布局的河南省金融网络格局及结构特征

以河南省126个县域(市区)为研究单元,运用2014年银行业的12 369个网点数据,借鉴连锁型网络模型,运用复杂网络分析工具和空间分析软件对河南省金融网络进行综合测度与结构分析。研究发现:1从金融连接度看,郑州是河南省的金融核心,洛阳是次金融核心;2金融核心具有较高的金融联系度和较强的对外金融联系,同时银行网点在空间上的布局并不完全遵循传统地理空间的行政等级制度;3在实体基础设施网络和银行网点虚拟网络共同作用下,河南省金融网络表现出了等级化和网络化的双重特征;4金融网络中,郑州—洛阳的金融连接度最高,金融连接度存在着一定程度的极化现象,并在空间上呈现出"一体两翼"的格局,且豫北的金融聚集现象较豫南明显;5河南省金融网络拓扑结构图具有较大的集聚系数和较小的平均最短路径,同时度分布在对数坐标中呈现幂律分布,说明整个网络同时具有复杂网络中的小世界网络和无标度网络结构特征。