沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的全球分布及分析

利用全球气溶胶数据GADS(Global Aerosol Data Set)计算了冬夏两季4种类型(积聚型、核型、粗粒型和传输型)沙尘气溶胶0.55μm光学厚度的全球分布。通过分析得出,气溶胶的消光系数和垂直厚度对光学厚度的影响很大。全球沙尘气溶胶分布具有明显的季节和地理差异,4个沙尘暴多发区,分别位于北非、中亚地区、澳大利亚西部和北美西部。中亚地区冬季沙尘气溶胶强度和范围比夏季大,北美和澳大利亚地区则相反,冬季光学厚度最大值位于北非的中部地区,而夏季其最大值位于非洲北部靠近大西洋的地区。沙尘气溶胶对<8μm的辐射吸收作用很弱,散射能力较强;对于>8μm的辐射吸收能力很强,吸收带位主要于8~11μm范围内。     

COMPARISON OF AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS OVER MAINLAND OF CHINA AND WESTERN PACIFIC AND ITS LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT

Based on the aerosol data obtained at Shangdianzi regional background monitoring station together withthe air trajectory analysis,the chemical constituents of the aerosol from the different sources are discussed andcompared with the aerosol samples collected over the western Pacific.The results show that the relative massconcentrations of the crustal and pollutant elements in the aerosol collected over the ocean are higher than thosebeing observed at Shangdianzi in particle size above 4.7 μm and below 0.65μm in diameter.The variationsof the enrichment factors of these elements in marine aerosol with particle size are different from those in shang-dianzi's samples.The former enrichment factors are evidently higher than the latter above 1.1 μm in diameter.On the basis of the comparative research,the long-range transport processes of aerosol particles are discussed.     

南京市城市不同功能区PM10和PM2.1质量浓度的季节变化特征

使用Anderson-Ⅱ型9级撞击采样器测量了南京市鼓楼商业区、江北工业区、钟山风景区和宁六高速公路交通源春、夏、秋三季的大气气溶胶质量浓度。分析结果表明:南京市PM_2.1和PM₁₀的质量浓度存在明显的季节变化,秋季>春季>夏季;ρ_PM10春季为167.47 μg/m³,夏季为 85.99 μg/m³,秋季为238.99 μg/m³;ρ_PM2.1春季为59.66 μg/m³,夏季为42.80 μg/m³,秋季为100.15 μg/m³。不同季节中ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1均存在较好的相关性,夏季相关性最好,相关系数为0.952;秋季次之,相关系数为0.783;春季相对较差,相关系数为0.613。城市不同功能区之间ρ_PM2.1和ρ_PM10的质量浓度值差异很大,交通源>工业区>商业区>风景区。城市不同功能区的质量浓度谱分布基本一致,均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于0.43~0.65 μm/m³和9.0~10.0 μm/m³。南京市春、夏、秋三个季节大气粒子质量浓度谱为双峰分布,粒子主要集中在0.43~3.3 μm/m³的粒径段。江北工业区ρ_PM10和ρ_PM2.1质量浓度的相关系数为0.814,略高于鼓楼商业区的0.797。     

Real-Time Observation on Water-Soluble Ions of PM_(2.5)in Beijing under the Influences of Different Air Masses in Summer

To further understand the variations of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Beijing,the authors observed their concentrations continuously and in high temporal resolution by the system for rapid collection of fine particles and ion chromatography(RCFP-IC) during 12–18 July 2010.These results combined with those of earlier backward trajectory research are used analyzed to determine the causes of concentration changes in water-soluble ions under the influences of two kinds of air masses in summer.The results indicate that concentrations of NO3-,SO42-,and NH4+ were influenced strongly by the continental air mass than by the marine air mass.Cl- and Na+ were not changed significantly.Because the sources of K+,Mg2+,and Ca2+ are mainly concentrated on land,their concentration levels were slightly higher under the control of continental air mass than that of the marine air mass.Variations of NO2- during the observation differed from those of other ions;its concentration was significantly higher under the influence of marine air mass.Moreover,the authors obtain the diurnal variations of eight water-soluble inorganic ions including NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cl-,NO2-,NO3-,and SO42-.Diurnal variations of NH4+,NO3-,and Cl- showed single peak,which appeared before noon,while SO42- showed two peaks that appeared during rush hours.Those of Mg2+,Ca2+,and K+ showed single peak that appeared in the afternoon.That of NO2- showed with a peak appearing at sunrise and a valley appearing at sunset.     

SEM-EDX Characterisation of Tropospheric Aerosols in the Negev Desert (Israel)

Individual aerosol particles collected in the Negev desert in Israel during a summer and winter campaign in 1996–1997 were analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to interpret the data on the basis of particle diameter and composition. Eleven particle classes (groups) provided clues on sources and/or particle formation. The summer samples were enriched in sulphates and mineral dusts; the winter samples contained more sea salts, aged sea salts, and industrial particles. The fine size fraction below 1 m diameter was enriched in secondary particles and showed evidence of atmospheric processing. The secondary sulphate particles were mainly attributed to long-range transport. A regional conversion from calcite to calcium sulphate occurred during summer. Industrial particles originating from local pollution appeared during winter.     

一次秋季冷锋降水过程气溶胶与云粒子分布的飞机观测

利用机载PMS（Particle Measuring Systems）测量系统,对2008年10月4—5日石家庄地区一次冷锋降水云系的3次气溶胶和云粒子探测资料进行了分析。结果表明,冷锋过境降水前后,气溶胶粒子分布差异较大。降水发生前,气溶胶粒子平均数浓度约为103cm-3,平均直径为0.95μm;气溶胶主要集中于3000m高度以下的对流层低层,云内气溶胶数浓度明显减少。降水发生后,气溶胶粒子平均数浓度约为102cm-3,比降水前约小1个量级,平均直径为1.28μm;气溶胶主要集中于1200m以下的近地面层,其数浓度随高度增加而降低。气溶胶粒子浓度在低层云区内水平变化较小,而在无云区和云下近地层水平起伏较大。云粒子平均浓度比气溶胶小1～2个量级。气溶胶粒子平均谱主要呈双峰型,而云粒子谱主要为单峰型。     

沙尘气溶胶对西北地区植被遥感的影响分析

选取扬沙—浮尘天气发生中、后的对地观测卫星EOS-MODIS数据,利用6S辐射传输模式对该卫星资料进行大气订正,分析了沙尘气溶胶对沙尘多发区的西北地区植被指数(VI)遥感的影响。结果表明,与晴空天气得到的反射率相比,沙尘使红光通道反射率ρ1、近红外通道反射率ρ2和蓝光通道反射率ρ3均增加,归一化植被指数NDVI有不同程度的降低,降低最大值为0.246。抗大气植被指数ARVI也有所降低,降低最大值为0.231。应用晴空天气条件下的资料,建立了西北干旱区ARVI与NDVI之间的线性关系,并证明了在沙尘天气条件下,利用ARVI计算NDVI的方法,所得的结果较好。     

亚洲地区气溶胶及其对中国区域气候影响的数值模拟

使用一个耦合入化学过程的区域气候模式 (RegCM3), 在NCAR/NCEP再分析资料驱动下, 通过多年时间尺度的连续积分, 进行了亚洲区域气溶胶硫酸盐、 黑碳和有机碳的时空分布及其直接气候效应的数值模拟。首先对模式的模拟能力进行了检验, 结果表明, 模式能够较好地模拟中国地区气温和降水的分布, 对该区域气溶胶的时空分布有一定的模拟能力。模式模拟得到的气溶胶浓度分布在冬季南北差异较大而夏季较小。气溶胶浓度与其形成的大气层顶和地面负短波辐射强迫有较好的对应关系。四川盆地是气溶胶浓度及其产生的辐射强迫的高值区。气溶胶对地面气温和降水都产生影响。其中所引起的冬季气温降低, 与气溶胶的分布和浓度有一定的对应关系, 但夏季引起的降温中心位于河套及黄河下游地区。气溶胶使得冬季和夏季中国东部大部分地区的降水减少。同时, 对气温和降水上述变化的原因进行了讨论。     

The Global Distribution of Secondary Particulate Matter in a 3-D Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model

A global 3-D Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the tropospheric distributions of four components of the secondary atmospheric aerosol: nitrate, sulphate, ammonium and organic compounds. The model describes the detailed chemistry of the formation of the acid precursors from the oxidation of SO₂, DMS, NO_x, NH₃ and terpenes and their uptake into the aerosol. Model results are compared in some detail with the available surface observations. Comparisons are made between the global budgets and burdens found in other modelling studies. The global distributions of the total mass of secondary aerosols have been estimated for the pre-industrial, present day and 2030 emissions and large changes have been estimated in the mass fractions of the different secondary aerosol components.     

在1996年南方油气勘探工作会议上的讲话(主要部分) 努力实现南方海相油气勘探重大突破

南方地质条件有四方面的特点:碳酸盐岩区与特提斯域有关,具有良好的含油气前景;叠置在碳酸盐岩区上的南、北两大前陆盆地带,对古生界原型盆地烃源岩的演化、油气藏形成和保存起到重要作用;南方海相地层具有丰富的烃源岩;后期多旋回构造运动,使南方海相油气系统变得十分复杂。南方油气选区评价的关键是保存条件,在含油气系统中“保存单元”是优选勘探目标的重要依据。“九五”期间,一要主攻中、下扬子区,获重大突破;二要积极做好滇黔桂地区三个盆地(南盘江盆地、楚雄盆地、十万大山盆地)的预探;三要进一步搞好区域评价。