近58a来玉树站气温变化特征

根据青海省玉树站近58 a (1951~2008年)的逐月气温资料,利用线性回归、小波分析、M ann-Kendall法和S/R分析等方法,分析了该站春、夏、秋、冬季及年平均气温的变化特征,结果表明:1)近58 a来玉树站各季节和年平均气温均经历了先降后升的阶段,整体呈现出上升趋势,其中春季气温上升最快的阶段出现在20世纪80到90年代,其它季节和年平均气温出现在20世纪末到21世纪初;2)各季及年平均气温普遍具有准5 a的年际振荡;3)各季和年平均气温突变普遍发生在上世纪90年代;4)根据S/R分析得出,未来一段时期玉树站气温依旧保持增暖趋势,尤其在秋、冬季的增温显著。      

新疆近50a来降水量时空变化及其突变分析

基于新疆53个气象台站1960—2005年逐月降水资料,通过Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法,对新疆近50 a来年降水量和12个月降水量的趋势进行了分析,并计算12个月对年降水量的贡献率,同时通过SequentialMann-Kendall方法分析了27个台站年降水量显著增加趋势发生的时间突变点。结果表明,新疆近50 a来年降水量显著增加,北疆和南疆趋势最为明显;其中冬半年(1、2、11月和12月)这4个月的降水量增加趋势显著,对新疆年降水量的贡献较大;新疆大部分台站年降水量趋势发生突变的时间点在20世纪80年代以后。     

近50 年中国光合有效辐射的时空变化特征

基于中国陆地区域1961-2007 年逐年/季节平均光合有效辐射(PAR) 的空间化数据(10km×10km),结合GIS 空间分析技术与Mann-Kendall 趋势分析方法对近50 年年/季节平均PAR进行时空变化特征分析。结果表明：① 全国PAR的空间分布差异明显,总体上呈现东南低、西部高的特点,年均PAR在17.7~39.5 mol m^-2 d^-1之间。② 全国像元平均的年/季节平均PAR表现出一个较明显的波动下降过程,年均PAR降幅为0.138 mol m^-2 d^-1/10a,不同季节下降幅度存在差异,夏季降幅最大。③ 逐像元分析显示全国大部分地区PAR呈现显著下降趋势(α = 0.05),东部趋势变化较西部明显,夏冬两季在PAR年际变化中的贡献最大。华北地区在不同季节都是下降区域,而青藏高原西北地区在不同季节都表现为上升趋势。④ PAR年际变化率空间分布在不同时段差异明显,同一地区PAR年际变化率不仅在不同季节存在差异,而且在不同时段也不相同,总体上1990年代之前PAR下降较快,之后下降趋势变缓。     

甘肃张掖市冬季气温变化的时空特征

依据张掖市近50年来的冬季气温观测资料,运用Mann-Kendall法、小波分析、空间插值等方法,对张掖市冬季气温的时空分布规律和变化周期进行分析。结果表明:冬季气温总体上呈现增暖的趋势(β值为0.08),线性增长率为0.56℃/10a,相当于近50年冬季气温升高了2.8℃,冬季增温对全年升温的贡献率高达89%。1985年冬季气温发生突变,之后进入偏暖期,1987年后增温趋势更加显著。冬季气温存在10年左右和22年左右的振荡周期,其中22年左右的振荡周期较强。冬季气温空间分布不均,呈现出由东南向西北逐渐增温的趋势。冬季气温从20世纪70年代起就开始增温,东部增温速度明显高于西部,冬季气温增暖主要发生在最近的20余年内。     

Impacts of climatic change on river runoff in northern Xinjiang of China over last fifty years

The characteristics of climatic change and river runoff, as well as the response of river runoff to climatic change in the northern Xinjiang are analyzed on the basis of the hydrological and meteorological data over the last 50 years by the methods of Mann-Kendall nonparametric test and the nonlinear regression model. The results show that: 1) The temperature and the precipitation increased significantly in the whole northern Xinjiang, but the precipitation displayed no obvious change, or even a decreasing trend in the northern mountainous area of the northern Xinjiang. 2) River runoff varied in different regions in the northern Xinjiang. It significantly increased in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the north of the northern Xinjiang (p=0.05), while slightly increased in the west of the northern Xinjiang. 3) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) affects river runoff by influencing temperature and precipita-tion. The NAO and precipitation had apparent significant correlations with the river runoff, but the temperature did not in the northern Xinjiang. Since the mid-1990s river runoff increase was mainly caused by the increasing temperature in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains and the north of the northern Xinjiang. Increased precipitation resulted in increased river runoff in the west of the northern Xinjiang.     

Drying climate in Ghana over the period 1960–2005: evidence from the resampling-based Mann-Kendall test at local and regional levels

Abstract

Trends in rainfall series were investigated at 16 stations in Ghana over the period 1960–2005. Time series were first de-correlated using an effective pre-whitening methodology and then submitted to the resampling-based Mann-Kendall test. Field significances were assessed using the regional average Kendall statistic. Although no significant changes were observed in annual rainfall, the analysis reveals: (a) a reduction in the number of wet season days totalling less than 20 mm of rainfall, between latitudes 6° and 9.5°N; (b) a delay (about 0.5 d year^‐1) in the wet season onset at several locations throughout the country; and (c) a lengthening (about 0.1 d year^‐1) of rainless periods during the wet season in the south and centre of Ghana. All these changes, which remained insignificant at more than half of the individual stations, were found to be regionally significant at the 95% confidence level. The results highlight the importance of evaluating regional significance when investigating climate trends.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Lacombe, G., McCartney, M., and Forkuor, G., 2012. Drying climate in Ghana over the period 1960–2005: evidence from the resampling-based Mann-Kendall test at local and regional levels. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (8), 1594–1609.     

Analysis of trends of annual and seasonal precipitation from 1956 to 2000 in Guangdong Province,China

Abstract

The trends of annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation in southern China (Guangdong Province) for the period 1956–2000 are investigated, based on the data from 186 high-quality gauging stations. Statistical tests, including Mann-Kendall rank test and wavelet analysis, are employed to determine whether the precipitation series exhibit any regular trend and periodicity. The results indicate that the annual precipitation has a slightly decreasing trend in central Guangdong and slight increasing trends in the eastern and western areas of the province. However, all the annual trends are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The average precipitation increases in the dry season in central Guangdong, but decreases in the wet season, meaning that the precipitation becomes more evenly distributed within the year. Furthermore, the analysis of monthly precipitation suggests that the distribution of intra-annual precipitation changes over time. The results of wavelet analysis show prominent precipitation with periods ranging from 10 to 12 years in every sub-region in Guangdong Province. Comparing with the sunspot cycle (11-year), the annual precipitation in every sub-region in Guangdong province correlates with Sunspot Number with a 3-year lag. The findings in this paper will be useful for water resources management.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Sheng Yue

Citation Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, Xiaohong Chen and Quanxi Shao, 2012. Analysis of trends of annual and seasonal precipitation from 1956 to 2000 in Guangdong Province, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 358–369.     

Comparison of ten notable meteorological drought indices on tracking the effect of drought on streamflow

ABSTRACT

Ten notable meteorological drought indices were compared on tracking the effect of drought on streamflow. A 730-month dataset of precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration for 88 catchments in Oregon, USA, representing pristine conditions, was used to compute the drought indices. These indices were correlated with the monthly streamflow datasets of the minimum, maximum and mean discharge, and the discharge monthly fluctuation; it was revealed that the 3-month Z-score drought index (Z3) has the best association with the four streamflow variables. The Mann-Kendall trend detection test applied to the latter index time series mainly highlighted a downward trend in the autumn and winter drought magnitude (DM) and an upward trend in the spring and summer DM (p = 0.05). Finally, the Pettitt test indicated an abrupt decline in the annual and autumn DM, which began in 1984 and 1986, respectively.     

Identifying future climate change and drought detection using CanESM2 in the upper Siem Reap River,Cambodia

Cambodia is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts such as floods and droughts. Study of future climate change and drought conditions in the upper Siem Reap River catchment is vital because this river plays a crucial role in maintaining the Angkor Temple Complex and livelihood of the local population since 12th century. The resolution of climate data from Global Circulation Models (GCM) is too coarse to employ effectively at the watershed scale, and therefore downscaling of the dataset is required. Artificial neural network (ANN) and Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) models were applied in this study to downscale precipitation and temperatures from three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios) from Global Climate Model data of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) on a daily and monthly basis. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were adopted to develop criteria for dry and wet conditions in the catchment. Trend detection of climate parameters and drought indices were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test. It was observed that the ANN and SDSM models performed well in downscaling monthly precipitation and temperature, as well as daily temperature, but not daily precipitation. Every scenario indicated that there would be significant warming and decreasing precipitation which contribute to mild drought. The results of this study provide valuable information for decision makers since climate change may potentially impact future water supply of the Angkor Temple Complex (a World Heritage Site).     

鄱阳湖流域抚河径流特征及变化趋势分析

抚河是鄱阳湖流域第二大河流,其径流变化研究对揭示鄱阳湖水文情势演变规律和鄱阳湖生态环境保护具有重要的科学意义。本文采用鄱阳湖流域抚河上、中、下游8个主要水文站的实测资料,分析了抚河径流年内分配特征及变化规律;应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验与回归分析等方法,研究了近几十年内抚河年、月径流变化规律及与降雨的关系。结果表明:(1)抚河径流年内分配不均,但不均匀性在流域内空间差异较小;(2)受水利工程调蓄影响,径流年内分配越来越均匀;(3)不同年代年径流特性存在差异,20世纪70年代至90年代初,径流相对稳定,90年代中期到2002年,呈较明显上升趋势,2002年后,表现为下降趋势;(4)月径流变化有增有减,基本规律为枯水期(11月~次年3月)月径流量基本呈上升趋势,洪水期(4~6月)月径流基本呈下降趋势;(5)抚河的年降水量在2002年附近发生突变减少,与年径流量突变时间基本吻合,说明气候变化降雨量减少对近10年鄱阳湖流域抚河入湖径流的减少影响显著。