The Paradoxical Black Rock City: All Cities Are Mad

Since 1986, Burning Man has evolved from an obscure bohemian San Francisco solstice celebration into the world's largest intentional community, anchored by annual burns on a playa in Nevada's Black Rock country. Participants embrace an ethos that radically challenges mainstream culture through Black Rock City's yearly (re)formation, negotiation, immolation, and deconstruction. Voicing curiosity, as humanists, in who we are, what we do, and why we do it, we examine rituals associated with this transitory yet international‐scale event. Such happenings imply a human need to seek clarity, dwell in close confines, and engage with a utopian desire for concerted communal participation. Yet, there exist historical‐cultural paradoxes associated with Burning Man, including steep entry barriers that reinforce an elite homogeneous population no longer representative of Burning Man's distinctive California roots.     

东西科学文化碰撞的火花--纪念德日进神父(1881～1955年)来中国工作80周年

文章试图通过德日进神父自己的记述、与亲友的通信以及人们的回忆寻找他对中国科学做出贡献的发生发展过程,追踪德日进在其事业不同阶段的经历,了解他是如何在极端困难和复杂的条件下取得如此崇高的、科学和哲学的统一.德日进神父(1881～1955年),法国人,1923年来到中国.从在宁夏银川的水洞沟黄土层中发现了旧石器时起,1929年担任中国地质调查所新生代研究室顾问,指导了周口店的发掘研究,经历了第二次世界大战的困难时期,完成了他的名著<智慧圈>及<人的现象>.直至1946年离开中国,他在中国前后生活了23年(1923～1946年).在这23年中,他对中国的地质、古生物科学、考古科学等许多方面进行了大量的调查和研究,培养了人才,撰写了许多科学论文和专著,以及重要的哲学著作.德日进神父在中国受到人们的尊敬和爱戴,被称为中国古脊椎动物学的奠基者和领路人.一个人成就的伟大,往往不在于他意料之中,而是在于出乎他的意想之外.德日进神父是中西科学文化交流历史上、20世纪这一旋回中,连接西方和东方之路的无声的开拓者.他是把自然科学和哲学完美联结在一起的一座看不见的桥梁.文章按时间顺序分别描述德日进神父对东方的印象和思考,包括:1)对东方的憧憬--童年和<马可@波罗游记>;2)对东方的企盼--浪漫主义的东方;3)对东方的失望--长城边上的落日;4)对东方的希望--他们将自己站稳;5)对东方的升华--"智慧圈"和<人的现象>.谨以此文纪念80年前德日进神父来华所开辟的东西方科学交流之道路,和科学与哲学的结合.     

Environmental regulation of the burrow depth distribution of the sand-beach amphipod Talitrus saltator

The diurnal burrow depth distribution of Talitrus saltator, a sand-beach talitrid amphipod was examined in relation to moisture content and temperature profiles of the substrate. Individuals burrow to depths maintaining a moisture content of between 2·0 and 4·0% irrespective of the temperature profile, and therefore burrow depth is suggested to be regulated primarily by the requirements of the amphipods for an optimal humidity environment.     

Dating the introduction of cereal cultivation to the British Isles: early palaeoecological evidence from the Isle of Man

The adoption of cereal cultivation is a key benchmark in the transition from Mesolithic hunter–gatherer foraging to Neolithic farming economies, but the nature, timing and ecological–cultural context of the earliest cereal use in the British Isles and northwest Europe is still uncertain. We present AMS radiocarbon dating and fine‐resolution pollen evidence from the Isle of Man for cereal growing in the latter stages of a distinct episode of forest disturbance at almost 6000 yr BP (uncalibrated). The coherent ecological structure of this phase at the fine resolution level suggests that it records cereal cultivation well before the Ulmus decline, rather than wild grass pollen grains. This example is one of a cluster of early dates for cereal‐type pollen near the start of the sixth millenium BP, including several around the Irish Sea, which indicate that the introduction of cereal agriculture probably occurred as early in the central British Isles as in the northern European plain. This early cereal phase is followed later by a probable phase of pre‐Ulmus decline pastoral activity. We also report Mesolithic age woodland disturbance around 7000 yr BP (uncalibrated) and the first radiocarbon dates for mid‐Holocene forest history of the Isle of Man. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

八达岭及周缘地区壳幔结构与潜在震源探讨

利用Ｓｅｉｓ８３程序包，对盐山大兴延庆剖面的大兴延庆段人工地震测深资料进行了计算处理，获得了八达岭及周缘地区地壳上地幔结构．结果显示，该区浅部断裂发育，沉积层厚度差别大；其深部构造在横向上存在着明显的不均匀性，速度等值线起伏变化明显，局部存在低速块体．莫霍面由剖面东段的大兴向延庆方向倾斜，大兴附近莫霍面的深度为３４．５ｋｍ，居庸关附近为３８．５ｋｍ．在延庆附近莫霍面存在一断裂     

南京汤山猿人生存古环境重建探讨

由铀系法测定的５组化石年代数据表明,南京汤山猿人年代为２８０￣４３０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间;以剑齿象,李氏野猪,肿骨鹿,葛氏斑鹿、三门马等为主的古动物群化石,证实了南京猿人生活在中更新世中期偏晚,距今约３５０ｋａ左右。鉴定的孢粉主要为喜暖湿、暖干的落叶阔叶与针叶及蕨类混合林以及偏干凉的（松）针叶林、既未发现反映寒冷的云杉、冷杉、也未发现反映干旱的黄连木,表明本区猿人生存时并未经历中更新世冰期时的冰川环境     

Voices of young biosphere stewards on the strengths,weaknesses, and ways forward for 74 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves across 83 countries

Young stakeholders are key actors in social-ecological systems, who have the capacity to be agents of sustainability transformation but are also at high risk of exclusion in the unfolding of global change challenges. Despite the focus of sustainability on future generations, there has been little research effort aimed at understanding young actors’ roles as biosphere stewards. In this work we investigate how young stakeholders perceive and participate in the implementation of sustainability objectives in 74 Biosphere Reserves of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme across 83 countries, through participatory group workshops, individual surveys and grey literature review. We explore to what extent youth perceptions are aligned or not with current understandings of Biosphere Reserves and how young stakeholders are acting in pursuit of Biosphere Reserve objectives. We find that young stakeholders have a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges faced by environmental governance, such as resilience and adaptation to global change and the governance challenges of implementing adaptive co-management and increasing stakeholder participation. We also show that young stakeholders can be active participants in a wide range of activities that contribute to achieving conservation and development goals in their territories. They are particularly concerned with youth participation within all levels of Biosphere Reserve functioning and with the creation of sustainable livelihood opportunities that will allow future generations to remain in their native territories. Our study provides evidence of the importance of young stakeholder knowledge and perspectives as central actors in conservation and development initiatives, like Biosphere Reserves, and of the need to increase young stakeholder integration and participation within environmental governance.     

基于区域河湖地貌演化历史的大荔人化石层位年代分析

目前对含大荔人化石的地层年代认识仍存很大争议。采用黄土—古土壤序列定年法广泛调查渭河盆地东北部区域和大荔人化石点附近洛河上下游河段过去的河湖环境演变历史;在此基础上,结合产出大荔人化石的地貌沉积体特征,分析其形成时所处的区域演化阶段及其中含化石的沉积层位堆积年代。结果显示,区域曾在S₁₄、L₉、L₆、S₂、L₂和L_1SS发育或堆积时期发生过数次古湖湖退或河流下切;含大荔人化石的沉积层是在区域发生于L₆晚期的一次湖退后,洛河于出露至气下的古湖湖底上堆积而成的,其堆积时代与S₅古土壤发育时代相当,平均年龄约0.55 Ma BP。由该研究结果推论,学界对北京猿人年龄估计的老的年龄框架可能偏年轻。     

元谋人的时代

近40年来,笔者运用了如下方法对元谋人的时代做了进一步研究:①对元谋人年代的测定,采用了古地磁地层法、裂变径迹法、ESR法和氨基酸法;②从元谋动物群来确定元谋人时代;③从元谋地区地貌角度来讨论元谋人时代;④从新构造运动来讨论元谋人时代;⑤从元谋盆地第四纪地层来确定元谋人时代;⑥从元谋人牙齿,胫骨来讨论元谋人时代.最后得出元谋入时代为早更新世,距今170万年.      

北京猿人的环境与文化

周口店第1地点是北京猿人的产地,他们在那里经历了3次冰川旋回或3个冰川年。北京猿人的文化可分为早、中、晚3个时期,它们恰好与3个冰川年完全吻合。晚新生代的几次生物进化事件总是发生在寒冷期的末尾或温暖期的开始。北京猿人石器制作技术水平的两次飞跃也都发生在寒冷期的末尾或温暖期的开始。如果把冰川旋回或冰川年也划分为春、夏、秋、冬的话,那么石器制作技术水平的飞跃和生物进化事件都是发生在冰川年的春季的。