Spatial application of Random Forest models for fine-scale coastal vegetation classification using object based analysis of aerial orthophoto and DEM data

High spatial resolution mapping of natural resources is much needed for monitoring and management of species, habitats and landscapes. Generally, detailed surveillance has been conducted as fieldwork, numerical analysis of satellite images or manual interpretation of aerial images, but methods of object-based image analysis (OBIA) and machine learning have recently produced promising examples of automated classifications of aerial imagery. The spatial application potential of such models is however still questionable since the transferability has rarely been evaluated.We investigated the potential of mosaic aerial orthophoto red, green and blue (RGB)/near infrared (NIR) imagery and digital elevation model (DEM) data for mapping very fine-scale vegetation structure in semi-natural terrestrial coastal areas in Denmark. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm, with a wide range of object-derived image and DEM variables, was applied for classification of vegetation structure types using two hierarchical levels of complexity. Models were constructed and validated by cross-validation using three scenarios: (1) training and validation data without spatial separation, (2) training and validation data spatially separated within sites, and (3) training and validation data spatially separated between different sites.Without spatial separation of training and validation data, high classification accuracies of coastal structures of 92.1% and 91.8% were achieved on coarse and fine thematic levels, respectively. When models were applied to spatially separated observations within sites classification accuracies dropped to 85.8% accuracy at the coarse thematic level, and 81.9% at the fine thematic level. When the models were applied to observations from other sites than those trained upon the ability to discriminate vegetation structures was low, with 69.0% and 54.2% accuracy at the coarse and fine thematic levels, respectively.Evaluating classification models with different degrees of spatial correlation between training and validation data was shown to give highly different prediction accuracies, thereby highlighting model transferability and application potential. Aerial image and DEM-based RF models had low transferability to new areas due to lack of representation of aerial image, landscape and vegetation variation in training data. They do, however, show promise at local scale for supporting conservation and management with vegetation mappings of high spatial and thematic detail based on low-cost image data.     

Advanced prediction of tunnel boring machine performance based on big data

Predicting the performance of a tunneling boring machine is vitally important to avoid any possible accidents during tunneling boring.The prediction is not straightforward due to the uncertain geological conditions and the complex rock-machine interactions.Based on the big data obtained from the 72.1 km long tunnel in the Yin-Song Diversion Project in China,this study developed a machine learning model to predict the TBM performance in a real-time manner.The total thrust and the cutterhead torque during a stable period in a boring cycle was predicted in advance by using the machine-returned parameters in the rising period.A long short-term memory model was developed and its accuracy was evaluated.The results show that the variation in the total thrust and cutterhead torque with various geological conditions can be well reflected by the proposed model.This real-time predication shows superior performance than the classical theoretical model in which only a single value can be obtained based on the single measurement of the rock properties.To improve the accuracy of the model a filtering process was proposed.Results indicate that filtering the unnecessary parameters can enhance both the accuracy and the computational efficiency.Finally,the data deficiency was discussed by assuming a parameter was missing.It is found that the missing of a key parameter can significantly reduce the accuracy of the model,while the supplement of a parameter that highly-correlated with the missing one can improve the prediction.     

Landslide identification using machine learning

Landslide identification is critical for risk assessment and mitigation.This paper proposes a novel machinelearning and deep-learning method to identify natural-terrain landslides using integrated geodatabases.First,landslide-related data are compiled,including topographic data,geological data and rainfall-related data.Then,three integrated geodatabases are established;namely,Recent Landslide Database(Rec LD),Relict Landslide Database(Rel LD)and Joint Landslide Database(JLD).After that,five machine learning and deep learning algorithms,including logistic regression(LR),support vector machine(SVM),random forest(RF),boosting methods and convolutional neural network(CNN),are utilized and evaluated on each database.A case study in Lantau,Hong Kong,is conducted to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.From the results of the case study,CNN achieves an identification accuracy of 92.5%on Rec LD,and outperforms other algorithms due to its strengths in feature extraction and multi dimensional data processing.Boosting methods come second in terms of accuracy,followed by RF,LR and SVM.By using machine learning and deep learning techniques,the proposed landslide identification method shows outstanding robustness and great potential in tackling the landslide identification problem.     

Rough集理论及其在GIS属性分析和知识发现中的应用

介绍了Rough集理论的概念与方法,并将其全面引入GIS领域,归纳整理出Rough集理论用于GIS中属性分析和知识发现的一整套方法,为GIS的属性分析和知识发现开辟了一条新途径。     

东天山库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群的解体及岩石地层单位厘定

东天山企鹅山群的组级岩石地层单位厘定争议已久.1∶5万区域地质矿产调查, 于库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群中的两套碳酸盐岩中, 分别发现了牙形刺Streptognathodus suberectus, Idiognathoides sinuata和珊瑚Pelalaxis intermedia, Lithostrotionella rarivesicula, Fomichevella kiaeri, 确认其时代分属晚石炭世罗苏阶-达拉阶和达拉阶-小独山阶, 分别重新厘定为底坎尔组和脐山组.由该两组沉积地层隔离的两套火山岩, 空间上分布相对固定, 岩石组合特征明显, 野外极易识别和区别, 大区易于对比, 且分属早石炭世和晚石炭世.库姆塔格沙垄地区企鹅山群可进一步解体并由老到新厘定为小热泉子组、底坎尔组、企鹅山组和脐山组等4个组级岩石地层单位.      

BP神经网络和SVM在矿山环境评价中的应用分析

矿山环境的影响因素多样,定量评价过程易受人为因素干预。BP神经网络与SVM算法能够自动模拟各因子间的非线性关系。首次将其引入到矿山环境评价中,选取160个单元作为训练样本,以自然地理、基础地质、开发占地及地质环境等4个大类的14个变量指标为输入向量,以单元评价得分为输出向量,分别建立BP神经网络与SVM矿山环境评价模型。结果表明：两种模型均能满足矿山环境评价的精度要求;SVM模型收敛速度较BP神经网络快,MSE小于BP神经网络,更适合矿山环境评价工作;将定量模型应用于研究区,评价得分划分为4个级别,与定性评价结果一致,为矿山环境评价工作提供了新思路。     

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数据仓库及其在城市规划决策支持系统中的应用探讨

在分析传统决策支持系统在城市规划决策应用中存在的问题的基础上 ,初步提出一种基于数据仓库的城市规划决策支持系统的基本框架 ,探讨了该系统建立中数据仓库的数据组织、数据挖掘、知识发现方法等关键技术问题 ,并进一步阐述城市规划决策支持系统的建立方法 ,最后以荆州市环境规划为例 ,说明数据仓库在城市规划决策支持系统中的具体应用。     

Modelling of shallow landslides with machine learning algorithms

This paper introduces three machine learning(ML)algorithms,the‘ensemble'Random Forest(RF),the‘ensemble'Gradient Boosted Regression Tree(GBRT)and the Multi Layer Perceptron neural network(MLP)and applies them to the spatial modelling of shallow landslides near Kvam in Norway.In the development of the ML models,a total of 11 significant landslide controlling factors were selected.The controlling factors relate to the geomorphology,geology,geo-environment and anthropogenic effects:slope angle,aspect,plan curvature,profile curvature,flow accumulation,flow direction,distance to rivers,water content,saturation,rainfall and distance to roads.It is observed that slope angle was the most significant controlling factor in the ML analyses.The performance of the three ML models was evaluated quantitatively based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)analysis.The results show that the‘ensemble'GBRT machine learning model yielded the most promising results for the spatial prediction of shallow landslides,with a 95%probability of landslide detection and 87%prediction efficiency.