INITIATION MECHANISMS FOR A SUCCESSIVE MJO EVENT AND A PRIMARY MJO EVENT DURING BOREAL WINTER OF 2000-2001

Observed outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and ERA-Interim reanalysis data were analyzed to reveal the initiation processes associated with a successive and a primary MJO event during 2000-2001. It was found that the initiation of the successive event was caused by anomalous ascending motion induced by low-level horizontal temperature advection. The anomalous ascending motion, together with horizontal moisture advection, moistened lower troposphere and led to an unstable stratification and triggered convection. The initiation of the primary MJO event, on the other hand, was caused by the accumulation of anomalous moisture associated with three low-frequency modes, a convectively coupled Kelvin wave (CCKW), an westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave (ER) and a weak planetary-scale MJO mode. It is the merging of the low-level specific humidity anomalies of the three modes that led to the rapid setup of large-scale convectively unstable stratification and favored the development of the eastward-propagating planetary-scale MJO mode.     

Can the Uncertainties of Madden–Jullian Oscillation Cause a Significant “Spring Predictability Barrier” for ENSO Events?

With the Zebiak-Cane model and a parameterized stochastic representation of intraseasonal forcing, the impact of the uncertainties of Madden–Jullian Oscillation (MJO) on the “Spring Predictability Barrier (SPB)” for El Ni?no–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction is studied. The parameterized form of MJO forcing is added physically to the Zebiak-Cane model to obtain the so-called Zebiak-Cane-MJO model and then the effects of initial error, stochastic model error, and their joint error mode on the SPB associated with El Ni?no prediction are estimated. The results show that the model errors caused by stochastic MJO forcing could hardly lead to a significant SPB while initial errors can do; furthermore, the joint error mode of initial error and model error associated with the stochastic MJO forcing can also lead to a significant SPB. These demonstrate that the initial error is probably the main error source of the SPB, which may provide a theoretical foundation of data assimilation for ENSO forecasts.     

2013年夏季长江中下游地区降水异常与MJO的可能联系

利用国家气象信息中心提供的753站降水资料,澳大利亚气象局提供的RMM MJO指数资料和NECP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了2013年夏季长江中下游地区降水持续异常与MJO位相异常的可能联系。结果表明：2013年夏季长江中下游地区持续干旱期间,MJO位相分布明显异常,MJO东传停滞,长时间维持在第1、8位相;西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏强。当MJO位于第1、8位相时,东亚高纬度地区的环流距平场呈现“西高东低”的分布特征,不利于西伯利亚地区的冷空气南下至长江中下游地区;当MJO位于第1位相时,副热带高压西北侧水汽主要输送至长江中下游地区,第8位相时,输送至长江中下游地区的水汽异常偏少。总之,当MJO位于第1、8位相时,冷空气活动较弱,冷暖空气无法在长江中下游地区交汇,同时该地区深厚的下沉运动从近地面一直延伸至对流层上层,不利于降水的发生,导致2013年夏季降水持续偏少。     

The influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation on high-latitude surface air temperature during boreal winter

By analyzing NCEP-NCAR reanalysis daily data for 1979–2016, the modulation by Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) of the wintertime surface air temperature (SAT) over high latitude is examined. The real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index, which divides the MJO into eight phases, is used. It is found that a significantly negative SAT anomaly over the northern high latitude region of (180°–60 °W, 60°–90 °N) lags the MJO convection for 1∼2 weeks in phase 3, in which the enhanced convective activity exists over the Indian Ocean. While a significantly positive SAT anomaly appears over the same region following the MJO phase 7, as the tropical heating shows an opposite sign. Analysis of the anomalous circulation indicates that the observed SAT signal is probably a result of the northeastward propagating Rossby wave train triggered by MJO-related tropical forcing through Rossby wave energy dispersion. By using an anomalous atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the significant effect of tropical forcing on organizing the extratropical circulation anomaly is confirmed. Analysis of a temperature tendency equation further reveals that the intraseasonal SAT anomaly is primarily attributed to the advection of the mean temperature by the wind anomaly associated with the anomalous circulation of the MJO-related variability.     

MJO对华南前汛期降水的影响及其可能机制

利用站点降水资料、实时多变量MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)指数、向外长波辐射(OLR)资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用合成分析方法研究了MJO对华南前汛期降水的影响,并讨论其可能机制。结果表明,(1)在MJO不同位相,华南前汛期降水异常有明显的差异,并且这种差异随滞后时长而发生变化。第2~3位相和第6~7位相分别是影响华南前汛期降水的典型"湿位相"和"干位相"。(2)华南前汛期降水对MJO的响应需要一定时间,滞后时长约为1~2候。(3)MJO活跃(受抑)对流可通过激发Rossby波影响华南前汛期降水。当MJO活跃(受抑)对流中心位于赤道印度洋附近时,非绝热加热作用激发的Rossby波到达并影响华南地区,华南地区出现水汽供应的增强(减弱),从而促进(抑制)华南前汛期降水。     

Impacts of the MJO on Winter Rainfall and Circulation in China

Impacts of the MJO on winter rainfall and circulation in China are investigated using a real-time multivariate MJO index.Composite results using the daily rainfall anomalies and "rainy day" anomalies according to eight different MJO phases show that the MJO has considerable influence on winter rainfall in China. Rainfall anomalies show systematic and substantial changes(enhanced/suppressed) in the Yangtze River Basin and South China with the eastward propagation of the MJO convective center from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific.When the MJO is in phase 2 and 3(MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean),rainfall probability is significantly enhanced.While in phase 6 and 7(MJO convective center is over the western Pacific),rainfall probability is significantly reduced. MJO in winter influences the rainfall in China mainly through modulating the circulation in the subtropics and mid-high latitudes.For the subtropics,MJO influences the northward moisture transport coming from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea by modulating the southern trough of the Bay of Bengal and the western Pacific subtropical high.For the mid-high latitudes,the propagation of the low frequency perturbations associated with the eastward-propagating MJO convection modulate the circulation in the mid-high latitudes,e.g.the East Asian winter monsoon and the low trough over central Asia.     

BP和 RBF神经网络应用于海表温盐短期预测效果对比

基于向外长波辐射、降水、大气再分析资料和 HYCOM(HYbridCoordinateOcean Model)盐度等资料,研究了 MJO(Madden-JulianOscillation,热带大气季节内振荡)对南海夏季降水的调制,并初步探讨了其对海洋表层盐度的影响。结果显示:MJO 对南海夏季降水有显著的调制作用,导致南海降水具有强的季节内变化,其最显著周期为45d。降水季节内信号在泰国湾北部、吕宋岛以西和台湾岛西南等迎风坡区域较强,而在越南外海的安南山脉背风区域较弱,且降水信号会随着 MJO 信号向东北方向移动。MJO 对流抑制(活跃)中心所在区域,低层大气辐聚减弱(增强),中层大气对流减弱(增强),导致降水减少(增加);此外,MJO 对流抑制(活跃)中心伴随的反气旋式(气旋式)环流会改变风场,风场减弱(增强)使得迎风区域的降水减少(增加)。MJO 引起的降水异常进一步影 响南海盐度,南海表层盐度也有明显的季节内变化特征,其显著周期和降水基本一致,为47d,且盐度异常信号也随降水异常向东北移动。本研究结果有助于进一步了解南海降水和表层盐度的季节内变化特征。     

热带MJO对2009年11月我国东部大范围雨雪天气的可能影响

结合对历史资料的分析,研究了2009年11月热带地区一次强的热带大气季节内振荡（MJO）过程与11月我国东部大范围雨雪天气的可能联系,结果表明2009年11月强的MJO过程是我国东部大范围雨雪天气的一个重要的影响因子。MJO对流11月上中旬在印度洋地区异常活跃,尤其是MJO对流中心在第3位相（印度洋中东部）维持了9天（7—16日）,对应了11月两次最强的降水（雪）过程。对MJO历史事件的合成分析显示,当MJO对流位于印度洋时,我国东部大部地区降水概率明显增加,温度偏低,与2009年11月的实况一致。中高纬地区大气环流的异常有可能受到热带MJO对流强迫的影响,这种影响可能通过遥相关的方式来实现。当MJO对流位于印度洋时,有利于欧亚中高纬环流维持两脊一槽的分布,同时西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,东亚东部地区维持一条显著的对流活跃带,这些环流异常形势与2009年11月的实况也较一致,体现了MJO对热带外地区环流异常影响的一般特征。热带地区MJO对流的异常通过对流加热强迫,除引起大尺度纬向环流异常外,同样会引起经向环流异常,从而影响热带外地区环流。当MJO对流位于印度洋时,西太平洋地区为异常的下沉运动控制,东亚东部辐合上升,在热带和中纬度地区之间形成一个异常的经向环流圈,经向环流的存在进一步有利于低层低纬度水汽的向北输送,造成东部降水偏多。利用MJO的发展和演变,对于把握类似2009年11月这样的大范围雨雪气候异常很有帮助。      

Intensity of the Trough over the Bay of Bengal and Its Impact on the Southern China Precipitation in Winter

In this study, the intensity of the trough over the Bay of Bengal (BBT) and its association with the southern China precipitation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the Rossby wave propagation along the African-Asian subtropical Jet stream (AASJ) are investigated on the intraseasonal time scale. The results show that the intensity of the BBT affects the southern China precipitation more directly and to a greater degree than the MJO. The peak amplitude of the BBT tended to occur in phase-3 of the MJO. The strong BBT was substantially modulated by the Rossby wave propagation along the AASJ, which was triggered by the anomalous upstream circulation similar to the pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Therefore, from the perspective of medium- and extended-range weather forecasts, the NAO- like pattern may be regarded as a precursory signal for the strong BBT and thus the southern China precipitation.     

热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)实时监测预测业务

参考目前国际上普遍认可的Wheeler和Hendon设计的MJO监测指标,设计了适合开展实时业务监测的MJO计算方法,初步在国家气候中心建立了逐日的MJO实时监测业务,通过与国外同类监测结果的比较分析表明,监测指标可以很好地描述MJO的强度和传播特征,与国外同类监测产品有很好的一致性。另外,引入了两种统计方法进行了针对MJO指数的实时预测,对预测结果的检验表明,对MJO在两周内有较好的预测技巧,其中利用滞后线性回归方法（PCL）的预测技巧要高于自回归模型（ARM）。