Properties of suspended sediment in the estuarine turbidity maximum of the highly turbid Humber Estuary system, UK

Measurements are presented of the properties of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) of the upper Humber and Ouse estuaries during transient, relatively low freshwater inflow conditions of September 1995. Very high concentrations of near-bed SPM (more than 100 g l⁻¹) were observed in the low-salinity (less than 1), upper reaches. SPM within the ETM consisted largely of fine sediment (silt and clay) that existed as microfloc and macrofloc aggregates and individual particles. Primary sediment particles were very fine grained, and typically, about 20–30% was clay-sized at high water. The clay mineralogy was dominated by chlorite and illite. There was a pronounced increase in particle size in the tidal river, up-estuary of the ETM. The mean specific surface area (SSA) of near-bed SPM within the ETM was 22 m² g⁻¹ on a spring tide and 24 m² g⁻¹ on a neap tide. A tidal cycle of measurements within a near-bed, high concentration SPM layer during a very small neap tide gave a mean SSA of 26 m² g⁻¹. The percentage of silt and clay in surficial bed sediments along the main channel of the estuary varied strongly. The relatively low silt and clay percentage of surficial bed sediments (about 10–35%) within the ETM’s region of highest near-bed SPM concentrations and their low SSA values were in marked contrast to the overlying SPM. The loss on ignition (LOI) of near-bed SPM in the turbid reaches of the estuary was about 10%, compared with about 12% for surface SPM and more than 40% in the very low turbidity waters up-estuary of the ETM. Settling velocities of Humber–Ouse SPM, sampled in situ and measured using a settling column, maximized at 1.5 mm s⁻¹ and exhibited hindered settling at higher SPM concentrations.     

自然灾害脆弱性曲线研究进展

在全球变化与全球化背景下自然灾害风险逐年增大,灾害评估就成为风险防范的重要基础。灾害评估包括灾情估算与风险评估2个方面,而脆弱性分析是把灾害与风险研究紧密联系起来的重要桥梁。脆弱性曲线作为定量精确评估承灾体脆弱性的方法,近年来在多领域被广泛运用,成为灾情估算、风险定量分析以及风险地图编制的关键环节。从致灾因子角度综述脆弱性曲线的研究进展,重点阐述基于灾情数据、已有曲线、调查和模型的脆弱性曲线构建。研究表明脆弱性曲线构建由单曲线向多曲线库、单一参数向综合参数、单一方法向多领域综合应用发展,具有综合化和精细化的趋势。进一步开展多领域、多方法综合脆弱性曲线研究,对灾损快速评估及风险评价,防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

新疆历史地震目录完整性分析

基于古登堡里克特的震级频度关系对新疆及其境内南天山、北天山历史地震目录的完整性进行分析,通过地震频度、b值拟合以及地震遗失率的估计,大致确定了不同下限震级的完整目录起始时间。新疆6级以上地震1900年以后是相对完整的,5级以上地震在1955年以后是完整的,4.7级以上地震1965年以后是完整的。南天山和北天山5级以上完整地震目录可从1952年开始,4.7级以上地震1963年后是完整的。     

Governing people on the move in a warming world: Framing climate change migration and the UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement

Different ways of framing the nexus between climate change and migration have been advanced in academic, advocacy and policy circles. Some understand it as a state-security issue, some take a protection (or human security) approach and yet others portray migration as an adaptation or climate risk management strategy. Yet we have little insight into how these different understandings of the ‘problem’ of climate change-related migration are beginning to shape the emergence of global governance in the climate regime. Through a focus on the UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement we argue that these different framings of climate change migration shape how actors understand the appropriate role of the TFD, including the substantive scope of its mandate; its operational priorities; the nature of its outputs and where it should be situated in the institutional architecture. We show that understanding the different framings of the nexus between climate change and migration – and how these framings are contested within the UNFCCC – can help to account for institutional development in this area of climate governance.     

两个水平界面正交方向上的高频电磁波场曲线

本文采用求极点留数的方法,计算两个水平界面的三种不同岩性介质垂直电偶极子的场,导出了场量的严格解和计算公式,并结合地下实际条件,求得了垂直界面方向的场量曲线。     

强震动记录的低频截止频率自动搜索算法

本文针对传统方法在强震动记录处理中确定滤波低频截止频率效率较低的问题,提出一种确定滤波低频截止频率的自动搜索模型,并利用统计学习方法中的损失函数确定自动搜索模型流程的结束条件。基于2008年汶川和2013年芦山两次地震主震和余震获得的强震动记录,将自动搜索算法得出的结果与传统方法确定的低频截止频率进行比较,分析自动搜索算法产生误差的原因,进而提出自动搜索算法应遵循的原则和适用条件。结果表明该算法计算效率比传统方法有很大提升,特别适合海量强震动记录的批量处理。     

海平面上升对长江口三岛影响的预测研究

根据国际权威机构ＩＰＣＣ １９９０年对２１世纪全球海平面上升的最佳估计值和本区地壳沉降速率以及地面沉降趋势,确定下一世纪长江口相对海平面上升１．０ｍ左右。在此基础上,预测了相对海面上升对海岸工程,交通水利设施湿地损失,洪涝灾害及盐水入侵的影响。     

Hegemony and resistance: Disturbing patterns and hopeful signs in the impact of neoliberal policies on small-scale fisheries around the world

This paper reviews the major themes and contributions of this Special Issue in light of a broader social science literature on how to conceptualize small-scale fisheries, the role of the state in facilitating or limiting neoliberalism, and the failure of neoliberal policies to improve conservation. It concludes with a look at ways in which neoliberalism is being undermined by emerging alternatives.     

Debris flows caused by failure of fill slopes: early detection,warning, and loss prevention

This paper describes early detection, warning, and loss prevention for debris flows originating as failures of fill slopes. Worldwide, fill slopes constructed on steep terrain for roads, hillside residential developments, timber harvest landings, etc., are an increasing source of debris-flow hazards. Some fill failures that generate debris flows are the final stage of incremental failures that provide warning signs of instability in the months or years before the debris flow. Mapping and analysis of minor features, such as cracks and small scarps, on paved or unpaved surfaces of fills can identify incipient and impending fill failures that are major debris-flow hazards. Potential debris-flow paths can be mapped and risk assessments conducted. Loss prevention or reduction can be achieved by (1) prioritized maintenance, (2) prioritized repair, (3) monitoring, (4) warnings for emergency officials and the public, and (5) risk avoidance or reduction in land-use planning, zoning, cooperation between jurisdictions, and project development.     

续发性地震震害损失评估方法探讨

通过伽师地震震害损失评估的实践总结,认为对续发性地震的损失评估,尤其对量大面广的建筑物的损失评估采用震害损失率相减的方法,其结果与前面的地震损失率具有可比性,通过对不同评估方法的比较,认为震害损失率相减法快速,准确,易于操作,给出了新疆地区不同烈度下土木结构房屋的震害损失率,其取值范围为：Ⅺ度区为７０－４６％;Ⅷ度区为４５－２９％;Ⅶ度区为２８％－１３％;Ⅵ度区为１２－６％,Ⅴ度区为５％以下。