Using GIS-based distributed soil loss modeling and morphometric analysis to prioritize watershed for soil conservation in Bago river basin of Lower Myanmar

Bago River is an important river in Myanmar. Although shorter than other rivers, it has its own river system, and people along the river rely heavily on it for their daily lives. The upper part of the watershed has changed rapidly from closed forest to open forest land in the 1990s. Since the recent degradation of the forest environment, annual flooding has become worse during the rainy season in Bago City. This paper aims at determining soil conservation prioritization of watershed based on soil loss due to erosion and morphometric analysis in the Bago Watershed by integrating remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. In this study, soil erosion of the Bago watershed was determined using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Such factormaps as rainfall, soil erodibility, slope length gradient, and crop management were compiled as input parameters for the modeling; and the soil loss from 26 sub-watersheds were estimated. Then, the soil erosion maps of the Bago watershed for 2005 were developed. The resulting Soil Loss Tolerance Map could be utilized in developing watershed management planning, forestry management planning, etc.     

Earthquake risk and its mitigation in Istanbul

Physical and societal vulnerability to earthquakes and expected physical, social, economic, and industrial losses in Istanbul are outlined. This risk quantification has served as the basis for the Earthquake Masterplan. Risk-mitigation activity that was, and is, being conducted by several agencies and in different context and sectors are elaborated.     

On the Two-body Problem with Slowly Decreasing Mass

We intend to present two approximate analytic solutions of the two-body problem with slowly decreasing mass which are obtained through the integration of the Hamilton equations. The law of mass variation used was m = -αn on the first case, and mi = αimin(i); i = 1,2 on the second which gives rise to a perturbed Keplerian problem dependent on one and two small parameters respectively. Practical applications are included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

线圈释放式温、盐、深探头运动特性的数值计算方法研究

线圈释放式温、盐、深探头从空中定点投放，入水后测量海洋不同海水层面上的温度和盐度，因此必须知识探头各个时刻的入水距离，以与获得的温、盐数据对应。本文对其运动特性进行了数值计算，并在计算中考虑了探头质量和排水体积的变化。利用已有的形状完全相同但不释放线圈的探头实验资料，拟合出了探头在海水中的阻力系数与雷诺数的关系式。并且分析了探头入水瞬间速度损失的影响。     

One thousand ways to experience loss: A systematic analysis of climate-related intangible harm from around the world

A situated and socially engaged science of loss arising from climate change takes people’s lived experiences with risk and harm as its fundamental starting point. It foregrounds what losses occur, where and how, which of these losses matter most to people and why, and whether or not such losses are considered acceptable and potentially reversible. However, obtaining such insight is difficult if the many things people value, across space and time, are intangible, i.e. they cannot and perhaps should not be quantified, and hence are often overlooked and omitted. This is the case, for instance, for the symbolic and affective dimensions of culture and place, such as sense of belonging, personal and collective notions of identity, and ways of knowing and making sense of the world, all of which are already undermined by climate change. Here, we perform the first systematic comparative analysis of people-centered and place-specific experiences with climate-related harm to people’s values that are largely intangible and non-commensurable. We draw upon >100 published case studies from around the world to make visible and concrete what matters most to people and what is at stake in the context of climate-related hazards and impacts. We show that the same threats can produce vastly different outcomes, ranging from reversible damages to irreversible losses and anticipated future risks, across numerous value dimensions, for indigenous and non-indigenous families, communities, and countries at all levels of development. Through this analysis, we also empirically validate dimensions of harm that have been produced and reproduced in the literature, albeit often devoid of distinct substance, lived experiences, and intrinsic significance. We end by discussing ethical implications of the ‘one thousand ways’ to encounter harm and offer recommendations to overcome methodological challenges in advancing a science of loss grounded in place.     

A hybrid method for the vulnerability assessment of R/C and URM buildings

The methodology followed by the Aristotle University (AUTh) team for the vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete (R/C) and unreinforced masonry (URM) structures is presented. The paper focuses on the derivation of vulnerability (fragility) curves in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), as well as spectral displacement (s _d), and also includes the estimation of capacity curves, for several R/C and URM building types. The vulnerability assessment methodology is based on the hybrid approach developed at AUTh, which combines statistical data with appropriately processed (utilising repair cost models) results from nonlinear dynamic or static analyses, that permit extrapolation of statistical data to PGA’s and/or spectral displacements for which no data are available. The statistical data used herein are from earthquake-damaged greek buildings. An extensive numerical study is carried out, wherein a large number of building types (representing most of the common typologies in S. Europe) are modelled and analysed. Vulnerability curves for several damage states are then derived using the aforementioned hybrid approach. These curves are subsequently used in combination with the mean spectrum of the Microzonation study of Thessaloniki as the basis for the derivation of new vulnerability curves involving spectral quantities. Pushover curves are derived for all building types, then reduced to standard capacity curves, and can easily be used together with the S _d fragility curves as an alternative for developing seismic risk scenarios.     

1996年2月3日云南丽江7.0级地震丽江县城震害统计和损失评估

在丽江７．０级地震中，丽江县城大研镇遭受到８度地震破坏，死亡７７人，死亡率为万分之十二点五，房屋破坏，室内财产和生命线工程的直接经济损失总计为７．８６亿元，相当于丽江全县近两年的工农业总产值，在县城中，按８度抗震设防的砖混和钢筋混凝土结构的房屋建筑和生命线工程经受住了这次七级地震的考验，大多为基本完好和轻微损坏，而大量民族形式的穿斗木构架土坯围护墙房屋破坏较为严重，在重建家园中应采取抗震措施。     

中国大陆与香港及周围地区的地震目录完全性分析

地震活动性中心Ｇｕｔｅｎｂｅｒｇ－Ｒｉｃｈｔｅｒ关系（ｌｏｇＮ＝ａ－ｂＭ）在确定地震发生率时起着重要作用，实际分析中存在的对Ｇ－Ｒ关系的偏离主要是由于地震目录的不完全性引起：即在低震级端因地震的监测能力有限，在高震级端因大震的稀少导致的统计涨落。     

水稻障碍型冷害损失评估及预测动态模型研究

在分析东北水稻生殖生长关键期低温生理反应的基础上,建立了计算日冷积温(时积温)及其与空壳率关系的模式和敏感期内每日水稻敏感群体数量比率分布标准化模式,进而建立了水稻在生殖生长关键期内因低温影响而导致空壳率及减产率评估、预测模式。该模式可较精确地计算出逐日低温导致的空壳率及减产率,可比成熟期提前25 d左右进行冷害评估和损失预测。     

A comparison of two methods for estimating the organic content of sediments

A comparison of results from two methods (loss on ignition and wet oxidation) for estimating organic content of sediments shows close correspondence in values over a range of organic contents. For this case study of samples from the Sunwapta Pass area, loss on ignition provides a reasonable estimate of organic content.