测量极值问题的经验解式--兼论绝对和极小问题

测量上有许多极值问题,如各种准则下的平差,权的最优分配,网的优化方案等,多可归于线性极值问题,且多不适用寻常数学解法。但同型问题往往已经作过多次解算。因此本文以单纯形法为主,强调利用已有经验,直接逼近优解,或经少数次迭进达到优解,然后极值条件加以验证。为此文中着重提出通用解式及优解条件,期能得出优解公式,有相当的适用范围。     

Analysis and classification of hyperspectral data for mapping land degradation: An application in southern Spain

Desertification is a severe stage of land degradation, manifested by “desert-like” conditions in dryland areas. Climatic conditions together with geomorphologic processes help to mould desert-like soil surface features in arid zones. The identification of these soil features serves as a useful input for understanding the desertification process and land degradation as a whole. In the present study, imaging spectrometer data were used to detect and map desert-like surface features. Absorption feature parameters in the spectral region between 0.4 and 2.5 μm wavelengths were analysed and correlated with soil properties, such as soil colour, soil salinity, gypsum content, etc. Soil groupings were made based on their similarities and their spectral reflectance curves were studied. Distinct differences in the reflectance curves throughout the spectrum were exhibited between groups. Although the samples belonging to the same group shared common properties, the curves still showed differences within the same group.Characteristic reflectance curves of soil surface features were derived from spectral measurements both in the field and in the laboratory, and mean reflectance values derived from image pixels representing known features. Linear unmixing and spectral angle matching techniques were applied to assess their suitability in mapping surface features for land degradation studies. The study showed that linear unmixing provided more realistic results for mapping “desert-like” surface features than the spectral angle matching technique.     

Low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking: a comparison between analytical linear orbit perturbation theory and numerical integration

Low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking (ll-SST) range-rate observations have been predicted by two methods: one based on a linear perturbation theory in combination with the Hill equations, and one based on solving the equations of motion of two low-flying satellites by numerical integration. The two methods produce almost equivalent Fourier spectra of the range-rate observations after properly taking into account a few resonant terms. For a typical GRACE-type configuration, where the two satellites trail each other at a distance of 300 km at an altitude of 460 km, and in the presence of the EGM96 gravity field model, complete to spherical harmonic degree and order 70, the agreement between the Fourier spectra is about 1 mm/s compared to a root-mean-square (RMS) value of more than 220 mm/s for the range-rate signal. The discrepancy of 1 mm/s can be reduced significantly when not taking into account perturbations caused by the J₂ term. Excluding the J₂ term, the agreement between the two methods improves to 0.4 mm/s compared to a RMS value of 6 mm/s for the range-rate signal. These values are 0.01 and 2.3 mm/s when ignoring the spectrum for frequencies below two cycles per orbital revolution, reducing the discrepancy even further to about 0.5% of the signal. The selected linear perturbation theory is thus capable of modeling gravity field induced range-rate observations with very high precision for a large part of the spectrum.     

几种不同矩阵算法的遥感图像几何精纠正效果比较

分别采用Gauss、Householder及Givens三种变换形式进行遥感图像几何精纠正试验，并将试验结果与商业遥感软件PCI的纠正结果进行比较。结果表明，Givens算法在一至五次多项式纠正中，其总体精度优于其它算法。     

空间测边交会的解法、精度估算和最佳图形探讨

本文介绍空间测边交会的三种解法。利用矩阵迹的性质,巧妙推出了实用的精度估算式,并由此得出空间测边交会的最佳图形为交会角皆是90°的四面体的结论。     

数字影像中角点与直线的高精度定位算子

本文在分析现有数定影像定位算子的基础上，提出了精确定位数字影像中角点与直线的高精度定位算子。这种算子通过精确定组成角点的两条直线，从而精确定位角点。实验表明，新的定位算子有很高的定位精度，在理想情况下，新定位算子的精度可达０．０２像素，最后，客种算子被用于数字影像的相对定向，取得了令人满意的结果。     

Are peatlands in different states with respect to their thermodynamic behaviour? A simple test of peatland energy and entropy budgets

Whilst all ecosystems must obey the second law of thermodynamics, these physical bounds and controls on ecosystem evolution and development are largely ignored across the ecohydrological literature. To unravel the importance of these underlying restraints on ecosystem form and function, and their power to inform our scientific understanding, we have calculated the entropy budget of a range of peat ecosystems. We hypothesize that less disturbed peatlands are ‘near equilibrium’ with respect to the second law of thermodynamics and thus respond to change by minimizing entropy production. This ‘near equilibrium’ state is best achieved by limiting evaporative losses. Alternatively, peatlands ‘far-from-equilibrium’ respond to a change in energy inputs by maximizing entropy production which is best achieved by increasing evapotranspiration. To test these alternatives this study examined the energy balance time series from seven peatlands across a disturbance gradient. We estimate the entropy budgets for each and determine how a change in net radiation (ΔR_n) was transferred to a change in latent heat flux (ΔλE). The study showed that: (i) The transfer of net radiation to latent heat differed significantly between peatlands. One group transferred up to 64% of the change in net radiation to a change in latent heat flux, while the second transferred as little as 27%. (ii) Sites that transferred the most energy to latent heat flux were those that produced the greatest entropy. The study shows that an ecosystem could be ‘near equilibrium’ rather than ‘far from equilibrium’.     

合肥地震台地电阻率与气温、降水、地下水位关系的初步研究

经对地电阻率ρs观测值的分析研究,发现观测数据因受本身台址电性条件的限制,观测深度较浅,受降雨等气象因素的影响明显.运用合肥地电阻率北南、北西向2007-2013年观测资料月均值与温度、降水、地下水位进行相关分析,采用多元线性回归方法对地电阻率进行校正,以反映地电阻率的真实变化,达到提取地震异常的目的.     

Inhibitability of soil loss and sediment concentration during consecutive rainfalls from experimental plots treated by endemic microorganisms

Consecutive rainfalls, due to changes in antecedent moisture, alter soil erosion processes, necessitating the implementation of suitable soil loss control methods. Biological soil microorganism approaches have been applied to control soil loss. However, information on the involvement of microorganisms in the soil loss and rill erosion processes has yet to be supplied. In this study, the individual and combined inoculation of cyanobacteria and bacteria was investigated during five consecutive rai...     

台阵和噪声源分布对微动成像的影响及其在盐矿溶腔探测中的应用

随着节点地震仪的发展, 被动源地震成像方法在不同尺度的地下结构成像中得到了越来越广泛的应用.对于小尺度浅地表成像, 因高频噪声源时空分布不均, 一般采用基于台阵平均的方法, 即所谓的微动成像方法提取高频被动源面波频散数据, 但是不同类型的台阵一定程度上也会受到噪声源分布不均匀的影响.本文以水溶型盐矿溶腔探测为例, 通过实测数据较为系统地分析了不同台阵的响应函数及其对噪声源方向不均匀性的适应能力.研究发现, 当噪声源分布不均时, 三角形台阵可以获得更可靠的频散数据, 但对应的数据采集效率较低, 而其他类型的台阵虽然布设相对简便, 但是提取的相速度与真实速度存在较大的误差.当线性台阵和噪声源方位一致时, 可以提取与三角形台阵一致甚至更好的频散数据.在这个基础上, 我们分别采用三角形台阵和考虑噪声源的线性台阵在湘衡盐矿开展了两条剖面的数据采集, 并利用适应性更好的扩展空间自相关方法(ESPAC)计算面波频散数据.最后, 利用蒙特卡洛方法生成的随机初始模型进行了频散数据反演, 获得研究区600 m以浅的横波速度结构, 并刻画了盐溶腔的发育位置和空间分布形态.