一种多站雷电定位系统探 测效率的估算方法

通过分析多站雷电定位系统MDF的特点,提出影响多站雷电定位系统探测效率的因素主要有两个方面:1)波形判据及阈值的设置;2)DF场地环境及其本身的时间分辨率。本文提出了一种估算系统因第二种因素存在时的探测效率的方法。用此方法分别计算和分析了北京DF网络三年来的探测效率。结果表明:1)该系统中各DF站在正常情况下(不考虑第一种因素)探测效率约为70％左右;2)若有大量干扰DF的探测效率会大大降低。     

闪电定位和雷达观测资料在云分析中的应用及数值试验

本文针对2016年6月山西、山东地区一次强对流活动,通过GRAPES（Global/Regional Assimilation andPrediction Enhanced System）云分析系统融合了多普勒雷达反射率三维组网拼图资料和ADTD（Active DirectoryTopology Diagrammer）闪电定位资料,对模式初始场的云水、云冰等云微物理变量进行了调整和分析,并对这次强对流过程设计了3组数值试验。结果表明:（1）云分析系统在加入雷达反射率资料以后,能在模式初始场中较准确的计算模式的初始水物质;（2）闪电定位资料转换成的替代雷达反射率对原有的雷达反射率有一定的补充作用,使模式的初始场与真实状况更接近;（3）从模式降水的角度看,在加入雷达资料以后,GRAPES云分析可以显著提高6小时以内降水的模拟效果,而闪电定位资料的加入,对中雨以上量级的降水模拟有进一步的改进作用。     

Influences of forest roads on the spatial patterns of human- and lightning-caused wildfire ignitions

Understanding the spatial patterns of fire ignitions and fire sizes is essential for understanding fire regimes. Although previous studies have documented associations of human-caused fire ignitions with road corridors, less consideration has been given to understanding the multiple influences of roads on the fire regime at a broader landscape-scale. Therefore, we examined the difference between lightning- and human-caused fire ignitions in relation to forest road corridors and other anthropogenic and biophysical factors in the eastern Cascade Mountains of Washington State. We used geographical information systems and case-control logistic regression models to assess the relative importance of these explanatory variables that influence the locations of lightning versus human-caused ignitions.We found that human-caused ignitions were concentrated close to roads, in high road density areas, and near the wildland-urban interface (WUI). In contrast, lightning-caused ignitions were concentrated in low road density areas, away from WUI, and in low population density areas. Lightning-caused ignitions were also associated with fuels and climatic and topographic factors. A weak but significant relationship between lightning-caused fire and proximity to gravel roads may be related to fuels near roads or to bias in detection and reporting of lightning-caused fires near roads. Although most small fires occurred in roaded areas, they accounted for only a small proportion of the total burned area. In contrast, the large fires in roadless and wilderness areas accounted for most of the burned area. Thus, from the standpoint of the total area burned, the effect of forest roads on restricting fire size is likely greater than the impact of roads on increasing fire ignitions. The results of our study suggest that roads and their edge effect area should be more widely acknowledged as a unique type of landscape effect in fire research and management.     

玻璃幕墙防护侧击雷的施工方法

主要讲述了玻璃幕墙侧击雷防护施工方法、防雷措施及玻璃幕墙防雷接地的几种形式,是在玻璃幕墙防雷施工过程中的一些认识,供参考。     

新一代天气雷达与闪电定位仪资料在一次区域性暴雨过程中的分析应用

根据一次大范围暴雨天气过程的闪电定位资料和多普勒雷达资料,利用统计和对比分析的方法,发现了闪电发生频数、强度和雷达回波强度在时间序列上有较好的一致性;在雷达回波发展的不同阶段,闪电发生的位置与雷达强回波位置有时相同,有时偏离,有时甚至无闪电发生;雷达回波速度场分析表明,在低层存在不利于对流发展的环境风场特征时,降水回波在向测站移动的过程中趋于消散,闪电频数也随着减少;在降水回波速度辐合区,对应闪电活动频繁。     

LINET—An international lightning detection network in Europe

During the past years a VLF/LF lightning detection network (LINET) was developed at the University of Munich, which provides continuous data for both research and operational purposes. In particular, the network introduces five new features: a) total lightning capability: both cloud-to-ground strokes (CG) and cloud lightning (IC) are measured; b) low-amplitude reporting: weak lightning events from discharge channel with currents well below 5 kA are detected within the central part of the network, whereby IC events dominate; c) new 3D-discrimination: a time-of-arrival method is utilized to separate CG from IC with good reliability, provided that the sensor baseline does not exceed ~ 250 km; d) IC emission height: for each cloud event a height is determined which is thought to reflect the central region of the involved channel; and e) optimised location accuracy: due to precision and combined action of all influential network components, complemented by site-error corrections, the position accuracy of strokes reaches an average value as small as ~ 150 m, whereby false locations (‘outliers’) rarely occur. During international co-operations LINET has been deployed in four continents: Europe (initially Germany), South America (area of Bauru, Brazil), Australia (around Darwin), and Central Africa (Benin). Since the features quoted above could be verified in the tests, a 65-sensor network was established in Europe and started on May 1, 2006, in co-operation with the service company nowcast. LINET covers a wide area approximately from longitude − 10° to 25° to latitude 35° to 66°; it is available for scientific projects and officially utilized by the German Weather Service for operational purposes. Meanwhile, the network was extended by deployment of additional sites so that it comprises about 90 sensors in 17 countries.     

Lifetime of the thunderstorm electric energy in the global atmospheric circuit and thunderstorm energy characteristics

The lifetime of electric energy in the atmosphere is introduced and investigated as is the total electric energy of the atmosphere related to the total mean rate of electric energy dissipation. This lifetime, as determined from general estimations and convenient analytical expressions, turns out to be very small – from about 10 to about 100 s, depending on the assumptions on the control parameters of principal sources in the global electric circuit. In particular the energy lifetime is less than the relaxation time of the “global condenser” and field relaxation time near the ground surface. It is explained by the high dissipative rate of the electric energy in the atmosphere, taking into account that the regions mainly contributing to the total energy and its dissipative rate are connected to the altitudes of active parts of electrified (thunderstorm) clouds in the atmosphere with exponentially increasing conductivity.     

瓦斯抽放站防雷设计方案

瓦斯抽放站是易燃易爆场所,属于第二类防雷建筑物,瓦斯放空管是存在连续级释放源的区域,属于爆炸危险区域的0区,为一类防雷。因此我们要做好瓦斯抽放站的防雷防静电措施,确保瓦斯抽放站及煤矿生产的安全运行。本文从雷电危害人手,针对瓦斯抽放站的不同区域及雷击的几种类型,依据相关规范技术标准,对瓦斯抽放站的防雷方案进行了设计。     

Analysis of a giant lightning storm on Saturn

On January 23, 2006, the Cassini/RPWS (Radio and Plasma Wave Science) instrument detected a massive outbreak of SEDs (Saturn Electrostatic Discharges). The following SED storm lasted for about one month and consisted of 71 consecutive episodes. It exceeded all other previous SED observations by Cassini as well as by the Voyagers with regard to number and rate of detected events. At the same time astronomers at the Earth as well as Cassini/ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) detected a distinctive bright atmospheric cloud feature at a latitude of 35° South, strongly confirming the current interpretation of SEDs being the radio signatures of lightning flashes in Saturn's atmosphere. In this paper we will analyze the main physical properties of this SED storm and of a single small SED storm from 2005. The giant SED storm of 2006 had maximum burst rates of 1 SED every 2 s, its episodes lasted for 5.5 h on average, and the episode's periodicity of about 10.66 h exactly matched the period of the ISS observed cloud feature. Using the low frequency cutoff of SED episodes we determined an ionospheric electron density around ¹⁰⁴ cm⁻³ for the dawn side of Saturn.     

闪电定位资料在天山北坡强对流天气短临预警中的分析及应用

选用2013—2015年4—9月天山北坡短时强降雨和冰雹过程,及其前后对应的闪电定位资料进行研究。通过分析,发现两种强对流天气过程前后正、负闪均在一定范围内呈波动性变化,且均以负闪为主。两种强对流过程前后均有2次闪电突增现象,且都是第一次突增现象更具指导意义,突增现象发生在强对流天气开始前10～40 min不等,持续时间10～20 min,突增量在2～8次。可得出闪电极性和闪电突增在强对流短临预警中的阈值。