1974年10月11日白光耀斑的光谱分析

１９７４年１０月１１日耀斑的光谱分析表明，连续发射和微波爆发几乎同时达到极大。在连续辐射极大时刻出现了高项巴耳末发射线和微弱的巴耳末跳跃，所有这些说明这个耀斑是Ｉ型白光耀斑。我们发现，在这个耀斑连续发射的极大时刻，ＣａＩＩＫ线的Ｋ１处强度大大增强，约达到连续辐射强度的一半，对应的辐射温度达到５７１６Ｋ。这个反常增强的持续时间小于４分钟。现有的半经验模型似不能给出这样的结果。色球压缩区也不能给出解释     

Extreme gravitational lensing near rotating black holes

We describe a new approach to calculating photon trajectories and gravitational lensing effects in the strong gravitational field of the Kerr black hole. These techniques are applied to explore both the imaging and spectral properties of photons emitted from an accretion disc, which perform multiple orbits of the central mass before escaping to infinity. Viewed at large inclinations, these higher-order photons contribute ∼20 per cent of the total luminosity of the system for a Schwarzschild hole, while for an extreme Kerr black hole this fraction rises to ∼60 per cent. In more realistic models, these photons will be reabsorbed by the disc at large distances from the hole, but this returning radiation could provide a physical mechanism to resolve the discrepancy between the predicted and observed optical/ultraviolet colours in active galactic nuclei. Conversely, at low inclinations, higher-order images reintercept the disc plane close to the black hole, so need not be absorbed by the disc if this is within the plunging region. These photons form a bright ring carrying approximately 10 per cent of the total disc luminosity for a Schwarzschild black hole. The spatial separation between the inner edge of the disc and the ring is similar to the size of the event horizon. This is resolvable for supermassive black holes with proposed X-ray interferometery missions such as the Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission (MAXIM), and so has the potential to provide an observational test of strong field gravity.     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

Linear flow behaviour of matched joints – case study on standard JRC profiles

Roughness on rock joints produces a variable aperture across the joints and increases the flow path length. These conditions should be taken into account for a good approximation from cubic law. In this paper, the concept of local true aperture and tortuosity is applied to assumed joints where surfaces are matched to each other and correspond with standard Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) profiles. Furthermore, the hydraulic behaviour of JRC profiles is studied by a new laboratory experiment setup. The analytical approach provides new insights into the effects of roughness on hydraulic properties of rock joints. The results indicate that for a constant mechanical aperture, both the minimum local aperture and hydraulic aperture decrease with increasing JRC. Furthermore, tortuosity and standard deviation of local true aperture increase with JRC increment. The trend obtained between different parameters and JRC shows an obvious fluctuation for JRC lower than 10. On one hand, the results of this study along with a critical review of previous studies demonstrate that JRC profiles cannot present a precise roughness increment when JRC is less than 10. A new laboratory setup was designed to study the flow behaviour of JRC profiles. The results obtained from laboratory experiments under linear flow conditions validate the accuracy of the applied analytical method.     

云贵高原红土性风化壳定年对象--锰结核的基础研究

以野外剖面调查为基础，结合物理学、地球化学、矿物学和同位素年代学手段和方法，对云贵高原红土性风化壳中可资定年的对象——锰结核的产出状态、内部构造、地球化学特征、矿物组成及锰结核全岩的^40K／^40Ar定年进行了探索性研究，为解决我国风化壳的发育年龄奠定基础。研究结果表明：锰结核的形成晚于其赋存介质(风化壳)的生成；在风化壳中，锰结核的内部构造以(准)同心圆状构造为主；结核形成过程中发生了MnO和Fe2O3的富集，其中以MnO的富集较为显著；并且Fe、Mn分布具有较明显的负相关关系；锰结核中K2O含量明显高于CaO、MgO及Na2O，但K和Mn不存在明确的相关关系；结核中次生锰氧化物的主要存在形式为锰钡矿；锰结核的全岩^40K／^40Ar定年结果是一混合年龄，其不具有明确的地质意义；造成这一结果的主要原因在于锰结核是由不同时期、多种矿物构成的复杂集合体。     

The effects of storms and storm-generated currents on sand beaches in Southern Maine, USA

Storms are one of the most important controls on the cycle of erosion and accretion on beaches. Current meters placed in shoreface locations of Saco Bay and Wells Embayment, ME, recorded bottom currents during the winter months of 2000 and 2001, while teams of volunteers profiled the topography of nearby beaches. Coupling offshore meteorological and beach profile data made it possible to determine the response of nine beaches in southern Maine to various oceanographic and meteorological conditions. The beaches selected for profiling ranged from pristine to completely developed and permitted further examination of the role of seawalls on the response of beaches to storms.

Current meters documented three unique types of storms: frontal passages, southwest storms, and northeast storms. In general, the current meter results indicate that frontal passages and southwest storms were responsible for bringing sediment towards the shore, while northeast storms resulted in a net movement of sediment away from the beach. During the 1999–2000 winter, there were a greater percentage of frontal passages and southwest storms, while during the 2000–2001 winter, there were more northeast storms. The sediment that was transported landward during the 1999–2000 winter was reworked into the berm along moderately and highly developed beaches during the next summer.

A northeast storm on March 5–6, 2001, resulted in currents in excess of 1 m s⁻¹ and wave heights that reached six meters. The storm persisted over 10 high tides and caused coastal flooding and property damage. Topographic profiles made before and after the storm demonstrate that developed beaches experienced a loss of sediment volume during the storm, while sediment was redistributed along the profile on moderately developed and undeveloped beaches. Two months after the storm, the profiles along the developed beaches had not reached their pre-storm elevation. In comparison, the moderately developed and undeveloped beaches reached and exceeded their pre-storm elevation and began to show berm buildup characteristic of the summer months.     

A non-disturbing sampler for near-surface waters

A small, simple and inexpensive device is described which allows the sampling of waters with a minimum of disturbance. This is particularly important when determining near-surface profiles, for example, following a dye release.     

A nonlinear wave profile correction of the diffraction of a wave by a long breakwater: Fixed point approach

The authors of the present paper have suggested an iterative scheme to calculate the nonlinear wave profiles [Jang and Kwon, 2005. Application of nonlinear iteration scheme to the nonlinear water wave problem: Stokes wave. Ocean Engineering 32, 1862–1872]. The scheme was shown to be good for estimating nonlinear wave profiles. In the study, the iterative scheme is applied to the wave-diffraction problem by a long breakwater to calculate a diffracted wave by the breakwater. The iterative solution of diffraction was compared with the linear solution of Sommerfeld, 1896. [Mathematische Theoried der Diffraction. Mathematical Annals 47, 317–374]. For a small wave slope, the two solutions were in good agreement. However, the scheme enabled us to observe the nonlinear behaviors of a beating phenomenon and of wave profile such as Stokes’ wave for a relatively large wave slope: as the wave slope becomes larger, we can examine the nonlinear wave characteristics of the actual shapes of waves, i.e., the crests are steeper and the troughs are flatter.     

Seistec Seismic Profiles: A Tool to Differentiate Gas Signatures

The presence of gas is a common feature in many seismic sections. However, the origin of the gas is often difficult to determine. Recently acquired very high resolution seismic profiles using an IKB Seistec boomer provide useful insight to the understanding of the gas origins in a range of environmental settings including sea lochs and coastal lagoons. The gas features are described both from a qualitative point of view through their acoustic facies, and quantitatively through the associated seismic signal (polarisation, amplitude). Acoustic facies include acoustic turbidity, gas “curtains” and “blankets” as well as “white fringes” and “black shadows”. All the features encountered have been related to specific gas nature generated by different sources (organic matter degradation in paleo-valley infillings, waste material effluent).     

Combining Lidar Elevation Data and IKONOS Multispectral Imagery for Coastal Classification Mapping

This article studies the effect of airborne lidar (surface) elevation data on the classification of multispectral IKONOS images over a coastal area. The lidar data and IKONOS images are treated as independent multiple bands to conduct the classification. To do so, the lidar elevation data is first resampled to the same ground spacing interval and stretched to the same radiometric range as the IKONOS images. An unsupervised classification based on the ISODATA algorithm is then used to determine a class schema of six classes: road, water, marsh, roof, tree, and sand. Training sites and checking sites are selected over the lidar-IKONOS merged data set for the subsequent supervised classification and quality evaluation. The complete confusion matrices and average quality indices are presented to assess and compare the classification results. It is shown that the inclusion of the lidar elevation data benefits the separation of classes that have similar spectral characteristics, such as roof and road, water and marsh. The overall classification errors, especially the false positive errors, are reduced by up to 50%. Moreover, by using the lidar elevation data, the classification results show more realistic and homogeneous distribution of geographic features. This property will benefit the subsequent vectorization of the classification maps and the integration of the vector data into a geographical information system.