The Annual Modes of Tropical Precipitation Simulated by the LASG/IAP Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model FGOALS_s1.1

This paper evaluates the performance of a coupled general circulation model FGOALS_s1.1 developed by LASG/IAP in simulating the annual modes of tropical precipitation.To understand the impacts of air-sea coupling on the annual modes,the result of an off-line simulation of the atmospheric component of FGOALS_s1.1,i.e.,LASG/IAP atmospheric general circulation model SAMIL,is also analyzed.FGOALS_s1.1 can reasonably reproduce major characteristics of the annual mean precipitation.Nonetheless,the coupled model shows overestimation of precipitation over the equatorial Pacific and tropical South Pacific,and underestimation of precipitation over the northern equatorial Pacific.The monsoon mode simulated by FGOALS_s1.1 shows an equatorial anti-symmetric structure,which is consistent with the observation.The bias of the coupled model in simulating monsoon mode resembles that of SAMIL,especially over the subtropics.The main deficiency of FGOALS_s1.1 is its failure in simulating the spring-fall asymmetric mode.This is attributed to the false phase of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) annual cycleover the equatorial central-castern Pacific and Indian Ocean,which leads to the bias of the Walker circulation over the equatorial Pacific and the anti-Walker circulation over the Indian Ocean in boreal spring and fall.In addition,the domains of the western North Pacific monsoon and Indian monsoon simulated by the coupled model are smaller than the observation.The study suggests that the bias of the fully coupled oceanatmosphere model can only be partly attributed to the bias of the atmospheric component.The performance of FGOALS-s1.1 in simulating the annual cycle of equatorial SST deserves further improvement.     

昆阳磷矿中稀土元素赋存状态研究

对昆阳磷矿中稀土元素的赋存状态进行了系统研究,结果表明矿体中稀土元素总量在50×10-6～250×10-6之间,以轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损为特征,Y含量在30×10-6～155×10-6之间,稀土元素总量与胶磷矿含量呈正相关关系。重砂矿物查找结果显示,昆阳磷矿中缺乏独立的稀土矿物。物相分析结果表明,稀土元素主要赋存在胶磷矿中,碳酸盐相和硅酸盐相中稀土元素含量极低。LA-ICPMS测试结果表明,胶磷矿单矿物中稀土元素总量在280×10-6～420×10-6之间,而白云石单矿物中的稀土元素总量均低于10×10-6。综合分析结果表明,昆阳磷矿中的稀土元素应主要以类质同像的形式存在于胶磷矿中。     

河北金家庄金矿床矿物化学及金银赋存状态研究

河北金家庄金矿是一产在透辉石岩体中的矿床。本文用多种方法对该床中的主要矿石物进行了矿物化学、矿物标型和金、银赋存状态等方面的研究。不仅发现了含铂、钯的黄铜矿和闪锌矿，而且还找到了针镍矿。为探讨此金矿床的成矿特点提供了一些矿物学依据。     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋主导产业发展实证分析

随着山东半岛蓝色经济区建设的提出,山东半岛海洋经济发展进入全新的阶段。文章综合运用相关性分析、贡献度分析以及趋势分析等方法对山东半岛主要海洋产业进行综合评价,对山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋主导产业进行了界定,进而对滨海旅游业、海洋运输业、海洋渔业、海洋修造船业、海洋油气化工业和海洋高新技术产业等主导产业的发展方向和重点进行了规划。     

Observed subsurface signature of Southern Ocean sea level rise

Satellite altimetry data show a strong increase in sea level in various parts of the Southern Ocean over the 1990s. In this paper, we examine the causes of the observed sea level rise in the region south of Australia, using 13 years of repeat hydrographic data from the WOCE SR3 sections, and the SURVOSTRAL XBT and surface salinity data. The hydrographic data show a poleward shift in the position of the Subtropical and the Subantarctic Fronts over the period. In the Antarctic Zone, the Antarctic Surface Water has become warmer and fresher, and the Winter Water tongue has become warmer, fresher, thinner and shallower. Increased freshening south of the Polar Front is linked to increased precipitation over the 1990s. Temperature changes over the upper 500 m account for only part of the altimetric sea level rise. The CTD sections show that the deeper layers are also warmer and slightly saltier and the observed sea level can be explained by steric expansion over the upper 2000 m. ENSO variability impacts on the northern part of the section, and a simple Sverdrup transport model shows how large-scale changes in the wind forcing, related to the Southern Annular Mode, may contribute to the deeper warming to the south.     

大-小兴安岭接合部早—中侏罗世侵入岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年及成因

大-小兴安岭接合部出露的大面积侵入岩传统认为属于华力西期。通过对3个典型岩体的解剖,获得了最新的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,花岗闪长岩形成年龄为169Ma±2Ma和177.4Ma±1.7Ma,闪长质包体为179Ma±2Ma,主量、微量元素特征表明,它们为形成于早—中侏罗世的高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩。各岩体和闪长质包体均具有低ISr(平均0.704668)和正εNd(t)(1.3837～3.10652)值特点,包体发育针柱状角闪石和空心磷灰石,反映岩体成因与地幔具有密切的联系。地质学、岩石学和地球化学的详细研究表明,各岩体具有壳幔混合成因,花岗质岩浆主要是从地幔中分离出的新生地壳和原有古老地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆,与来自亏损地幔岩浆相互混合形成的。通过区域动力学分析,认为本区大陆地壳生长可能经历了2个连续过程,首先是晚古生代造山期后岩石圈拆沉导致软流圈地幔上隆及幔源岩浆的底垫作用;区域上大范围三叠纪沉积记录的缺失说明此时应是北方造山带强烈的造山时期,这一机制很可能与蒙古-鄂霍次克海闭合造山有密切联系,之后岩石圈板块拆沉,并导致先存新生地壳和原有老地壳的部分熔融,形成花岗质岩浆,可能是引起本区大陆地壳生长的重要机制。     

Finite-time normal mode disturbances and error growth during Southern Hemisphere blocking

The structural organization of initially random errors evolving in a barotropic tangent linear model, with time-dependent basic states taken from analyses, is examined for cases of block development, maturation and decay in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during April, November, and December 1989. The statistics of 100 evolved errors are studied for six-day periods and compared with the growth and structures of fast growing normal modes and finite-time normal modes (FTNMs). The amplification factors of most initially random errors are slightly less than those of the fastest growing FTNM for the same time interval.During their evolution, the standard deviations of the error fields become concentrated in the regions of rapid dynamical development, particularly associated with developing and decaying blocks. We have calculated probability distributions and the mean and standard deviations of pattern correlations between each of the 100 evolved error fields and the five fastest growing FTNMs for the same time interval. The mean of the largest pattern correlation, taken over the five fastest growing FTNMs, increases with increasing time interval to a value close to 0.6 or larger after six days. FTNM 1 generally, but not always, gives the largest mean pattern correlation with error fields. Corresponding pattern correlations with the fast growing normal modes of the instantaneous basic state flow are significant but lower than with FTNMs.Mean pattern correlations with fast growing FTNMs increase further when the time interval is increased beyond six days.     

The Variations of Dominant Convection Modes over Asia, Indian Ocean, and Western Pacific Ocean during the Summers of 1997--2004

The NOAA daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project （GPCP） daily precipitation data are used to study the variation of dominant convection modes and their relationships over Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean during the summers from 1997 to 2004. Major findings are as follows: (1) Regression analysis with the OLR indicates the convective variations over Asian monsoon region are more closely associated with the convective activities over the western subtropical Pacific (WSP) than with those over the northern tropical Indian Ocean (NTIO). (2) The EOF analysis of OLR indicates the first mode (EOF1) exhibits the out-of-phase variations between eastern China and India, and between eastern China and the WSP. The OLR EOF1 primarily exhibits seasonal and even longer-term variations. (3) The OLR EOF2 mostly displays in-phase convective variations over India, the Bay of Bengal, and southeastern China. A wavelet analysis reveals intraseasonal variation (ISV) features in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2004. However, the effective ISV does not take place in every year and it seems to occur only when the centers of an east--west oriented dipole reach enough intensity over the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. (4) The spatial patterns of OLR EOF3 are more complicated than those of EOF1 and EOF2, and an effective ISV is noted from 1999 to 2004. The OLR EOF3 implies there is added complexity of the OLR pattern when the effective ISV occurs. (5) The correlation analysis suggests the precipitation over India is more closely associated with the ISV, seasonal variations, and even longer-term variations than precipitation occurring over eastern China.     

Influence of meteorological variability upon aerosol mass size distribution

Aerosol mass size distribution has been measured by using an optical particle counter. The measurements were done in an urban background location in the western Mediterranean during winter 2006. The study has been focused in determining the mass size distribution under special meteorological conditions like moderate rain, considerable winds and high atmospheric stability. The results obtained showed a mass predominance of accumulation mode during rain and high stability periods although for different reasons. In the case of rain, it is due to greater atmospheric cleansing effectiveness that rain has upon coarse mode particles. However, during stagnant periods, the meteorological situation favored coagulation processes among nucleation mode particles giving like result a mass increase in the accumulation mode. Finally, strong winds favor the resuspension of the largest particles and the dispersion of particles with sizes inferior to 7.5 μm. Similar results have been reproduced using principal component analysis (PCA). In this way, three components were identified. The first (PC1) represents particles in the accumulation mode. The second component (PC2) is constituted by coarse particles to 7.5 μm, and the third (PC3) corresponds to coarser particles. The contribution of each group to the overall average concentration was determined: 27.2% corresponds to particles with sizes belonging within the first component, 35.4% to PC2 and 37.3% to PC3. Important percentage variability for each component under meteorological episodes has been obtained. Results obtained showed an important increase of PC1 during Rainy Days (53.8%) and High Pollution Days (40.2%). Contrary to this on Windy Days this component decreases to 7.4%. However, during this kind of day PC3 increases to 64.6%.     

减船转产背景下沿海渔户生计脆弱性变化及其影响因素——基于浙江省舟山市转产渔户的调查

在构建减船转产背景下沿海渔户生计脆弱性理论分析框架的基础上,以浙江省舟山市转产渔户为研究对象,应用模糊综合评价法比较分析了不同生计方式、不同转产时期下转产渔户生计脆弱性的变化,并实证检验了影响转产渔户生计脆弱性变化的具体因素。研究表明：① 虽然转产后的渔户生计暴露性水平下降,但生计敏感性程度提高且适应能力出现显著下降,最终使转产渔户的生计脆弱性水平上升,总体生计状态表现出恶化趋势;② 不同生计方式下的转产渔户生计脆弱性变化存在差异,其中转产后从事休闲渔业的渔户生计脆弱性水平下降,其余4种生计方式下的转产渔户生计脆弱性水平均有所上升;③ 2个不同转产时期下的渔户生计脆弱性水平均上升,但2015年以前转产的渔户生计脆弱性水平增加幅度更小;④ 受教育程度、减船转产补贴、转产转业时间以及是否参加过转产技能培训对生计脆弱性变化具有显著的负向影响,其中减船转产补贴对生计脆弱性变化的影响最小。