Asymptotic eigenfrequencies of the Earth's normal modes

We derive asymptotic formulae for the toroidal and spheroidal eigenfrequencies of a SNREI earth model with two discontinuities, by considering the constructive interference of propagating SH and P-SV body waves. For a model with a smooth solid inner core, fluid outer core and mantle, there are four SH and 10 P-SV ray parameters regimes, each of which must be examined separately. The asymptotic eigenfrequency equations in each of these regimes depend only on the intercept times of the propagating wave types and the reflection and transmission coefficients of the waves at the free surface and the two discontinuities. If the classical geometrical plane-wave reflection and transmission coefficients are used, the final eigenfrequency equations are all real. In general, the asymptotic eigenfrequencies agree extremely well with the exact numerical eigenfrequencies; to illustrate this, we present comparisons for a crustless version of earth model 1066A.     

基于模拟退火算法的潜艇结构系统可靠性计算

针对结构系统可靠度计算中重要样本函数选择的困难，提出了应用模拟退火算法的自适应的重要样本法，并根据结构系统可靠性计算的特点，给出了适宜的模拟退火过程的冷却进度表。潜艇耐压结构系统可靠性分析的算例表明，本方法可有效地解决非线性失效方程的工程结构系统可靠度的计算问题。     

A system reliability approach for evaluating stability of rock wedges with correlated failure modes

This paper proposes a system reliability approach for evaluating the stabilities of rock wedges considering multiple correlated failure modes. A probabilistic fault tree is employed to model the system aspects of the problem. The system reliability analysis is performed using an N-dimensional equivalent method taking into account correlations between different failure modes. Reliability sensitivity analyses at three different levels, namely, single limit state function level, single failure mode level, and system reliability level, were carried out to study the effect of changes in variables on the stability of the wedge. An example case was analysed to illustrate the proposed approach. The stability of the wedge can be evaluated efficiently using the proposed system reliability approach in a more systematic and quantitative way. The probabilities of failure of the wedge from the N-dimensional equivalent method are fairly consistent with those from the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results demonstrate that the probability of failure will be overestimated if the correlations between different failure modes of the wedge are not taken into account. They also demonstrate that the relative importance of different failure modes to the system reliability of the wedge can differ considerably and be treated systematically and quantitatively by the proposed approach. The sensitivity results are highly dependent on the selected sensitivity analysis level.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定痕量银的研究

由于受到铌、锆的质谱干扰,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）很难准确测定土壤和水系沉积物中的银。本文采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法（ICP-MS/MS）,通过研究⁹³Nb¹⁶O⁺、⁹¹Zr¹⁶OH₂⁺、⁹²Zr¹⁶OH⁺和¹⁰⁹Ag⁺在氦气、氧气和氨气中质谱信号变化,探讨不同碰撞/反应模式的干扰消除能力和消除机理。实验采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解样品,选用氦气MS/MS模式、氧气MS/MS模式、氨气MS/MS模式、氨气Mass-Shift模式测定土壤和水系沉积物中的银含量。结果表明：在优化池气体流速后,四种模式下铌、锆对银的干扰程度分别降低20、1500、1500和2000多倍;方法检出限分别为0.005mg/kg、0.002mg/kg、0.003mg/kg和0.003mg/kg;准确度和精密度采用国家标准物质验证,测定值和标准值的相对误差分别在-1.4%~84.3%、-7.6%~7.2%、-15.0%~10.0%和-12.5%~8.6%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别在1.5%~6.3%、1.4%~8.3%、1.4%~5.9%和0.7%~8.2%之间。氦气MS/MS模式消除干扰能力一般,仅适合测定铌、锆干扰较轻的样品;氧气MS/MS模式、氨气MS/MS模式、氨气Mass-Shift模式消除质谱干扰能力较强,可用于土壤和水系沉积物中痕量银的测定。与行业标准DZ/T 0279.11—2016相比,这三种方法检出限更低、测定范围更宽,并可实现多元素同时测定。

     

Analysis of the spatiotemporal riding modes of dockless shared bicycles based on tensor decomposition

ABSTRACT

Studies on the riding modes of shared bicycles have aimed to heighten the understanding of cycling characteristics. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal riding modes of shared bicycles based on tensor decomposition in Beijing, China. Two third-order tensors are constructed for the origin and destination points of shared bicycles in the day, hour, and space dimensions. Three factor matrices explicitly reveal two modes, three modes, and six modes in the day dimension, hour dimension, and space dimension, respectively. The relationships among the different modes in the three dimensions are demonstrated in an interaction table. Further, the density for different types of points of interest (POIs) are calculated to further analyze the potential riding purpose for different riding modes. Notably, the main POI types for the areas of O2 and D2 modes are consistent with the areas of D3 and O3 modes, which reflects the tidal characteristics of the commuting activities of shared bicycles. The main functional areas are inferred according to the riding modes and POIs, which enables verification of the correctness of the obtained riding modes to some extent. By method comparison, tensor decomposition shows the advantage of being able to reveal the spatiotemporal modes among multiple dimensions.     

Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

The effects of failure mode transition from tensile to shear on structural style and fault zone architecture have long been recognized but are not well studied in 3D, although the two modes are both common in the upper crust of Earth and terrestrial planets, and are associated with large differences in transport properties. We present a simple method to study this in physical scale models of normal faults, using a cohesive powder embedded in cohesionless sand. By varying the overburden thickness, the failure mode changes from tensile to hybrid and finally to shear. Hardening and excavating the cohesive layer allows post mortem investigation of 3D structures at high resolution. We recognize two end member structural domains that differ strongly in their attributes. In the tensile domain faults are strongly dilatant with steep open fissures and sharp changes in strike at segment boundaries and branch points. In the shear domain fault dips are shallower and fault planes develop striations; map-view fault traces undulate with smaller changes in strike at branches. These attributes may be recognized in subsurface fault maps and could provide a way to better predict fault zone structure in the subsurface.