连云港赣榆港区水下地形地貌研究

通过对连云港赣榆港区水下地形测量工作,结合以往采集数据分析,阐明了赣榆港区的水下地形变化趋势及周围地貌特征。研究区海底地形总体呈东—东南倾斜的趋势,地形变化较缓,以赣榆港航道为界,南部从柘汪河到龙王河口等深线较平直,由陆向海呈阶梯状分布,水深从0 m一直缓慢加深至-10 m,平均坡度＜1‰,近岸主要为沙泥滩,泥滩位于龙王河口以南,受河流及沿岸细粒物质大量补给和潮流作用为主的海洋动力控制,淤积作用显著。     

MapGIS、Section与Surfer软件在处理氡等值线图中的应用

介绍了综合运用MapGIS与Section绘制氡等值线图的步骤和方法,并与Surfer软件进行对比分析,比较2种方法的优缺点.MapGIS结合Section简化了绘制的氡等值线图的步骤,与测区地形地质图套合方便,但插值方法较少;Surfer绘制的氡等值线图操作简单插值方法较多,但与测区地形地质图套合较为复杂.最后在Su...     

工程软岩表面形态及其摩擦特性研究

在自然状态和接触面掺泥两种情况下,进行了砂岩、泥岩破裂面及其互层接触的摩擦试验。结果表明:在接触面掺泥时,抗剪强度的粘聚力和内摩擦角都有不同程度的降低,其中粘聚力下降明显,并且摩擦位移与剪应力关系曲线有明显不同,而且粘滑现象明显减弱。结合摩擦试验,研究了砂岩、泥岩在摩擦前后破裂面表面形态的变化,分析了它们的粗糙度及其起伏特性在摩擦前后的变化规律,以及表面特性和摩擦强度的关系。      

Thresholds for gully initiation and sedimentation in Mediterranean Europe

In Mediterranean areas the dynamics of gully development act as an important indicator of desertification. However, little is known about the influence of climate and land‐use changes, and almost no field data exist to assess the sensitivity of a landscape to gully erosion. Two important components of gully erosion studies are the prediction of where gullies begin and where they end. To address some of these issues, topographical thresholds for gully initiation and sedimentation in six different Mediterranean study areas were established. Field measurements of local soil surface slope (S) and drainage‐basin area (A) at the point of initiation of ephemeral gullies in intensively cultivated fields (five datasets) and permanent gullies in rangelands (three datasets) were carried out. A negative power relationship of the form S = aA^−b was fitted through all datasets, and defined as the mean topographical threshold for gullying in the respective area. Topographically controlled slopes of sedimentation at the gully bottom were also measured. Compared to theoretical relationships for channel initiation by overland flow, relatively low values for b are obtained, suggesting a dominance of overland flow and an influence of subsurface flow. The influence of landsliding at steeper slopes appeared from the flattening of the overall negative trend in the higher slope range (S > 0·30) of the integrated dataset. Comparing the threshold lines of our datasets to the average trend lines through data found in literature revealed that vegetation type and cover could better explain differences in topographical thresholds level than climatic conditions. In cultivated fields, soil structure and moisture conditions, as determined by the rainfall distribution, are critical factors influencing topographical thresholds rather than daily rainfall amounts of the gully‐initiating events. In rangelands, vegetation cover at the time of incision appears to be the most important factor differentiating between topographical thresholds, overruling the effect of average annual rainfall amounts. Soil texture and rock fragment cover contributed little to the explanation of the relative threshold levels. Differences in regression slopes (b) between the S–A relationships found in this study have been attributed to the soil characteristics in the different study areas, determining the relative importance of subsurface flow and Hortonian overland flow. Sedimentation slopes where both ephemeral and permanent gullies end were generally high because of the high rock fragment content of the transported sediment. A positive relationship was found between the rock fragment content at the apex of the sedimentation fan and the slope of the soil surface at this location. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Canyon topography effects on ground motion at Feitsui damsite

The free-field accelerograms along Feitsui Canyon are analyzed and modeled by a numerical scheme to study the effect of canyon topography. Since six strong-motion accelerometers (SC1–SC6) were deployed along the Feitsui Canyon in 1991; there are 14 earthquakes (4.9≤M_L≤6.6) recorded by these stations until June 1996, but only five triggered all six stations. The maximum PGA value is 68.6 cm s⁻² recorded at station SC1. According to the present data, the effect of the dam on the ground motions at canyon stations can be negligible. The amplitude of ground motion on the slopes of the canyon is bigger than that at its trough. The integral equation method is applied to a two dimensional model of Feitsui Canyon to study the effects of the canyon topography. We choose the ground motion of SC3 or SC4 station at the trough of the canyon as the input motion for the model, which is then used to predict the ground motion at the other five stations. Apart from the earthquake close to the damsite, the simple model can reproduce the observed accelerations at all frequencies below 4 Hz. Overall, the numerical method can well predict the ground motion along the canyon, although the high-frequency simulation is underestimated.     

利用地形地貌资料确定Nash模型参数的研究

基于近代关于流域汇流机理是地貌和水动力扩散作用的新观点,导出了根据霍顿（Ｈｏｒｔｏｎ）地貌参数计算ｎ和根据地形资料计算Ｋ的公式,并用实例作了检验。本文将有助于深化无资料情况下汇流计算方法的研究。     

海底地形对南海海流、海面高度和海温影响的数值试验

利用美国普林斯顿入学海洋模式（ＰＯＭ）的南海版本（ＳＣＳ－ＰＯＭ）,研究了南海海底地形对南海海流、海面高度和海温的影响。共做了４个数值试验,分别包含陡峭（ＳＴＰ）、光滑（ＳＭＴ）、平坦（ＰＬＴ）和中间（ＭＤＴ）４种地形。在真实的海岸线和１月气候个均风应力的共同强迫下,将模式积分３６０天,对所得结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,海底地形对海水质量输送和海温分布有重要的影响,对表层和次表层流以及海面自由高度的影响较小,它们的分布主要由海岸线和风应力次定。并对海气耦合模式中海洋模式的选择提出了看法。     

老黄河口水下三角洲前缘底坡不稳定地形的近期演变及控制因素

根据1988～1996年埕北浅海区的海底调查资料,深入探讨了海底不稳定现象的形成及发育机制,分析了老黄河口水下三角洲不稳定地形的近期演变动态,提出海底地形及地貌演变的主要特征。并指出波浪是控制海底地形及微地貌变化的主要外动力因素。     

Hierarchically nested river landform sequences. Part 1: Theory

Past river classifications use incommensurate typologies at each spatial scale and do not capture the pivotal role of topographic variability at each scale in driving the morphodynamics responsible for evolving hierarchically nested fluvial landforms. This study developed a new way to create geomorphic classifications using metrics diagnostic of individual processes the same way at every spatial scale and spanning a wide range of scales. We tested the approach on flow convergence routing, a geomorphically and ecologically important process with different morphodynamic states of erosion, routing, and deposition depending on the structure of nondimensional topographic variability. Five nondimensional landform types with unique functionality represent this process at any flow; they are nozzle, wide bar, normal channel, constricted pool, and oversized. These landforms are then nested within themselves by considering their longitudinal sequencing at key flows representing geomorphically important stages. A data analysis framework was developed to answer questions about the stage‐dependent spatial structure of topographic variability. Nesting permutations constrain and reveal how flow convergence routing morphodynamics functions in any river the framework is applied to. The methodology may also be used with other physical and biological datasets to evaluate the extent to which the patterning in that data is influenced by flow convergence routing. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Process inference from topographic fractal characteristics in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya,India

Topography evolves under the coupled effect of exogenic and endogenic governing factors, and their scale-(in)variant dynamics. This results in a self-affine topography across a finite range, with a characteristic fractal dimension. Fractal analysis has been used to classify geological terrains having distinct litho-tectonic settings. However, process-based understanding of the fractal behaviour of a natural landscape is still limited. The current study aims to substantiate and expand upon the present knowledge of topographic response to the complex actions of the governing factors using fractal characteristics. We examined the association between the litho-tectonic, climatic settings and the fractal characteristics of the topography in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya. Our analysis was carried out in three separate sectors having diverse litho-tectonic settings. We used the roughness–length method to calculate the fractal parameters (fractal dimension, D; ordinate intercept, q). The Higher and the Lesser Himalaya were found to be characterized by low D and high q, while the tectonically active Sub Himalaya was found to have moderate D and low q. The southernmost foreland alluvial plains were characterized by high D and low q. Clusters of the fractal parameters were found to be consistent in spatial pattern across the three sectors. Our results showed that the geological–geomorphological settings and the associated processes (e.g. uplift, erosion and diffusion) can be well inferred using the fractal characteristics of the topography. Further, our results implied first-order control of lithology in sustaining and shaping the topographic geometry (both its amplitude and texture) in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya. The spatial distribution of the fractal parameters also suggested the secondary control of tectonic uplift and, to a much lesser extent, mean annual rainfall on the topographic geometry. These results collectively point to the role of complex actions of the governing factors in the landscape evolution process. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.