日照港西部海域海底地形与表层沉积特征

利用单波束测深仪和蚌式取样器进行了日照石臼港扩建码头西侧约50km~2海域1:2 000~1:10 000的水深地形测绘和底质分析工作。调查结果表明,日照港西部海域可分4个水深区,其地形和沉积特征如下:1)航道区,浅水航道区等深线平行于码头岸线,水深11m,经过疏浚已形成向南倾斜的四级阶梯地形,疏浚中心处水深24m。航道区底质以分选中等的砾砂为主;2)港池区,水深6 m,等深线与港池岸线平行,水深向南渐增,海底地形平坦,坡降比3‰。底质以分选较好的粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,近岸有少量分选较差的泥质砂质砾;3)涛雒-付疃河口区,水下三角洲地形明显,5m以浅等深线呈弧形向东南方向凸出,坡降比最大可达14.2‰,底质类型为分选极好的砂和粉砂质砂;4)浅海区,海底地形平坦,平均坡降比1.9‰,6~10m等深线呈NE-SW向平行向外海增大,近南扩码头端向东偏转,底质类型为分选好的砂质粉砂和粉砂,并呈平行于海岸线向深水区呈粗-细-粗的带状分布。底质类型分布与水深条件基本吻合,但深水区出现的底质粗化现象,分析认为可能与南扩码头的挑流作用有关,海底沉积物呈向南运移趋势。     

湄洲湾北部海底地貌特征研究与分析

为对湄洲湾北部海底地形地貌特征及其影响因素进行系统的研究,作者利用多波束系统对湄洲湾北部海底地形进行探测,结合研究区内沉积物及潮流特征,对该区域海底地貌特征及其成因进行分析。研究区呈现中部低、南北高的地形格局,其中中部深水区又为近岸深、中间浅的特征,中轴为潮汐水道,水道两侧发育浅滩的海底地貌特征。研究区沉积物组分以砂和粉砂为主,由于研究区大部分表层沉积物中细粒沉积物占主要组分,沉积物具有较强的黏性,而实测资料显示潮流流速较小,因此研究区在常态水动力条件下,海底沉积物很难被冲刷,海底地形变化受潮流影响较小。通过将2012年与2013年研究区的调查结果进行对比发现,研究区海底地形整体变化不大,个别区域地形起伏变化较大,据推测可能是由于人为的挖沙、港口疏浚等因素造成的。因此,短期内影响研究区海底地形变化的主要因素为人为因素。     

Quaternary tectonics and large-scale gravitational deformations with evidence of rock-slide displacements in the Central Apennines (central Italy)

Eight cases of large-scale gravitational movements (with evidence of rock-slide type displacements) evolving close to Quaternary faults have been analysed in the Central Apennines. Geomorphological and structural surveys have defined the relationship between the gravitational displacements and the tectonically-controlled modifications of the landscape. The evolution of all the investigated cases has been conditioned by the presence of fault planes located along the mountain slopes. In most cases (Mt. Cefalone, Cima della Fossa, Villavallelonga, Casali d'Aschi, Gioia dei Marsi), the faults played or are playing a primary role in increasing the local relief and their activity represents the main geomorphic factor conditioning the gravitational movements. This kind of relationship has been observed along mountain slopes bordering depressions which have not been drained for most of their geomorphic history or have been characterised by an evolution of the hydrographic network that has been conditioned only by the local tectonic subsidence. In such cases, the gravitational movements develop in the footwalls of the faults. In other cases (Fiamignano, Pescasseroli) the faults have played a passive role, since they only bound the sliding masses and coincide with the surficial expressions of the sliding planes. Therefore, the gravitational displacements develop in the hangingwall of the faults. The evolution is conditioned by the incision of the hydrographic network in response to regional Quaternary uplift. The illustrated case studies provide a wide range of examples of the gravitational response of slopes to the modifications of the landscape due to linear and areal tectonics. The identification of the geomorphic traces of the large-scale gravitational movements along fault-controlled mountain fronts has implications for hazard, particularly for the evolution of the displacement. The quantitative analysis of the vertical displacements and data on the characteristics of the surface breaking during historical earthquakes demonstrate that along-fault offsets strongly increases where the unstable large-scale rock masses are located. Therefore, the large coseismic vertical offset may represent a major problem for the displacement of utilities and may represent a potential cause for the sudden and catastrophic evolution of the gravitational movement.     

Moho topography under central Greece and its compensation by Pn time-terms for the accurate location of hypocenters: The example of the Gulf of Corinth 1995 Aigion earthquake

In this paper we expand over the whole of central Greece, the Moho map centered on the Gulf of Corinth from tomographic inversion of PmP traveltime profile data recorded by several tens of temporary stations. Our approach is based on Pn, Moho refracted waves, from a large regional earthquake recorded by both temporary stations and the permanent Hellenic network. The Moho map shows the large Moho depth under the Hellenides belt. It also highlights the shallower Moho domain towards the Aegean Sea south and east of the Corinth Gulf. The domain of shallow Moho is limited along a NE–SW prolongation ahead of the North Anatolian Fault, from the North Aegean Trough to the western tip of the Gulf of Corinth towards the Gulf of Patras. The Pn time-terms provide corrections for the permanent stations that can be used together with the 1D velocity–depth model for a first-order compensation of lateral heterogeneity and contribute to the accurate and fast location of earthquake hypocenters. As a test we relocated the 1995 Aigion earthquake in this way, using only the sparse data of the permanent stations. Hypocentral coordinates then shift close to those derived by a dedicated dense array deployed after the earthquake, implying improvement of the routine location.     

Topography on the D′′ region from analysis of a thin dense layer beneath a convecting cell

In this study, we examine the development of topography on a thin dense layer at the base of the lower mantle. The effect of the convecting mantle above is represented as a traction acting on the upper surface of the layer. Topography on the layer boundaries is predicted by a balance of dynamic flow stress and external traction. The nature of boundary topography depends on the magnitude of the driving tractions and the density variation within the layer. If we assume that the layer density is greatest beneath areas of mantle downwelling and decreases to a minimum beneath areas of mantle upwelling (the layer is thermally coupled to the convection in the overlying mantle) then its upper boundary develops a cusp-like peak beneath the upwelling mantle. The height of this peak is potentially much greater than the layer thickness. If, however, the layers are effectively coupled by viscous shear then internal density gradients of the opposite sign may be established. In this case, we observe solutions where the layer is completely swept away beneath areas of mantle downwelling leaving steep-sided ‘islands’ of dense material. This mechanism therefore provides a possible explanation for steep-sided anomalously slow regions at the base of the mantle observed by seismic methods (e.g. beneath south Africa) or for discrete ultralow velocity zones detected at the core-mantle boundary beneath locations of surface hotspots. The magnitude of the upper boundary driving tractions compared to the density gradient within the layer is the key parameter that determines the nature of flow in, and consequently boundary topography of, the layer. The deflection of the core-mantle boundary is small compared with that of the top of the dense layer, but a change in sign of the ratio of these deflections is observed as the magnitude of the driving tractions changes relative to the magnitude of the internal density gradient. We compare seismic measurements of core-mantle boundary topography and D′′ topography with the predictions of this model in an attempt to constrain model parameters, but no clear correlation seems to exist between D′′ thickness and CMB topography.     

1985国家高程基准的系统差

基于异常位、高程异常差以及海面地形模型 3种方法 ,分别求出了 1985国家高程基准相对于全球大地水准面的垂直偏差 ,并取得了一致的结果     

A hillslope hydrology approach for catchment‐scale slope stability analysis

Regional analysis of slope stability is often constrained by availability of data. Model requirements for input data cannot be met at the desired spatial resolution because data are either site‐speci?c or non‐existent. Faced with these dif?culties it has often been the practice to assume that certain parameters are uniform throughout the area of interest. An alternative approach proposed here allows a more detailed discrimination of slope stability conditions. Based on the principles of hillslope hydrology, hydrologic information can be generated at suf?cient resolution to allow higher resolution slope stability analysis. Measurements from an instrumented network in a small area have been used to establish index‐based models for topographic and climate‐related controls of piezometric response. The ability to relate groundwater levels to rainfall and topographic parameters provides a means of up‐scaling to larger catchments and ultimately the opportunity to generate a catchment‐wide prediction of the distribution, magnitude and frequency of rainstorm‐generated groundwater levels. The example provided in this study uses the topography index of TOPMODEL in GIS to predict the spatial patterns of groundwater elevation for seasonal soil moisture conditions and given rainfall inputs. This allows modelling of catchment‐wide response of soil water to rainstorms with different return periods (representing different magnitudes), and is an essential prerequisite for a probabilistic regional slope stability analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地形对涡量传播和台风切向风速变化的参数敏感性

设计了一个高分辨率的浅水模式，以研究地形参数和纬向基流在涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化中的作用。结果表明，无纬向基流条件下，岛屿地形的水平尺度对涡旋Rossby波传播的影响表现在：随地形水平方向尺度的增大，扰动涡度场环绕地形顺时针方向旋转的趋势增强，局域风速增幅减小，增强了平均风速的减弱。纬向东风基流条件下，热带气旋的局域风速及其平均切向风速的演变受台风与地形间距的改变以及地形作用时间长短的影响：当台风逐渐靠近地形时，局域风速增幅增强，平均风速逐渐减小；当台风逐渐远离地形时，出现相反的变化。     

1996年7月洞庭湖流域持续性暴雨过程分析

1996年7月洞庭湖流域发生了严重的洪涝灾害。利用观测资料进行诊断分析表明:(1)这次大洪水是由梅雨锋西端高空槽前的持续性大面积暴雨引起；(2)引起持续性暴雨的直接原因是MCS形成后停滞少动，并在同一地区连续多次生消；(3)由于高空槽长时间维持在长江中游地区，对流层低层的暖平流等大尺度强迫使暴雨区能较长时间维持上升运动，同时低层持续强的水汽辐合和位势不稳定能量的输送为暴雨持续地发生提供了充足的水汽和能量。     

地形对太原市污染物稀释扩散影响的模拟试验

文中利用CAPPS模式进行了模拟试验 ,试图研究在不同环流背景下 ,太原附近簸箕型地形对该地主要污染物(SO2 ,NOx,PM10 )稀释扩散的影响。结果表明 :采用仿真模式地形 ,局地环流背景下 ,簸箕型地形阻碍了主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,加剧近地层空气的污染 ;大尺度环流背景下 ,且地面为偏南风或偏东风时 ,簸箕型地形有助于主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,SO2 ,NOx,PM10 浓度减小 ,地面为偏北风或偏西风且风速≥ 5m /s时 ,SO2 ,NOx 浓度减小 ,PM10 浓度剧增。此外 ,还探讨了簸箕型地形对太原市主要污染物稀释扩散作用的机制 ,采用仿真模式地形 ,大尺度环流背景时 ,簸箕型地形对垂直运动具有增幅作用 ,且地形越高 ,增幅越明显。