高分辨率η坐标模式对四川降水个例对比数值试验

在原η坐标模式基础上,利用1995年8月23日和1998年4月28日四川西部两次强降水过程为例,通过改变水平分辨率和具有不同分辨率的地形资料,以及固定边界、单向影响嵌套边界,进行了一些数值试验。结果表明:(1)较低水平分辨率的η模式,采用较高分辨率的地形资料不一定能改善预报结果;(2)具有较高水平分辨率,并引入较高分辨率的地形资料,以及单向嵌套侧边界的η模式,对预报结果有较明显的改进     

水下地形与淤泥测量Silas技术

水下地形与淤泥测量Silas技术是采用Silas系统连续测定不同深度的淤泥密度,以密度划分淤泥类别;采用GPSRTK无验潮技术采集淤泥测点的空间信息,确定其相对高差.应用实践表明,它与传统淤泥测量方法相比,具有速度快、精度高、费用省、对水下淤泥扰动小等优点,可应用于水库、湖泊、海口、航道等水下地形与淤泥测量.     

Depth Contour Smoothing Based on the Fitting of Multi-Segment Bezier Curves

To overcome smoothness inconsistencies in depth contours interpolated from sounding data, this paper proposes a smoothing method based on the fitting of multi-segment Bezier curves considering navigational safety. The basic principle of this method is the division of a generated depth contour into a series of bends categorized as either convex bends or concave bends. Different smoothing strategies are designed for different bends while considering the safety constraint. Convexity-preserving Bezier curves are used to fit convex bends. For concave bends, the line segment of the bend is utilized as a boundary to construct a control polygon within the interior of the bend, after which a Bezier curve is constructed based on the polygon. Experiments with real data are implemented, and the results are compared with those of other methods. The results show that the smoothing procedure for depth contours with angularities is effective and respects the safety constraint; moreover, the shape characteristics are preserved, and high positional accuracy is achieved. In addition, the proposed smoothing method is free of topological inconsistencies.     

泥沙粒径组成的不均匀性对海岸地形演变的影响

海岸的泥沙输沙模式决定着海岸地形的演变特征,不同的输沙模式会导致形成横向和倾斜沙坝、裂流沟槽等不同的地貌特征。本研究提出了一种考虑泥沙分布不均匀性的新输沙率公式,该公式包含了反映泥沙粒径不均匀性的概率加权和考虑泥沙颗粒遮蔽效应的加权。该公式所给出的载沙量与传统输沙率公式的对比表明,相同中值粒径下,二者有明显差异。将该输沙率公式应用于地形线性不稳定分析,所得到的地形不稳定性增长率不同于假定泥沙为均匀的结果,对应的地形变形波长也有所差别。     

Geoid and high resolution sea surface topography modelling in the mediterranean from gravimetry,altimetry and GOCE data: evaluation by simulation

The determination of local geoid models has traditionally been carried out on land and at sea using gravity anomaly and satellite altimetry data, while it will be aided by the data expected from satellite missions such as those from the Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE). To assess the performance of heterogeneous data combination to local geoid determination, simulated data for the central Mediterranean Sea are analyzed. These data include marine and land gravity anomalies, altimetric sea surface heights, and GOCE observations processed with the space-wise approach. A spectral analysis of the aforementioned data shows their complementary character. GOCE data cover long wavelengths and account for the lack of such information from gravity anomalies. This is exploited for the estimation of local covariance function models, where it is seen that models computed with GOCE data and gravity anomaly empirical covariance functions perform better than models computed without GOCE data. The geoid is estimated by different data combinations and the results show that GOCE data improve the solutions for areas covered poorly with other data types, while also accounting for any long wavelength errors of the adopted reference model that exist even when the ground gravity data are dense. At sea, the altimetric data provide the dominant geoid information. However, the geoid accuracy is sensitive to orbit calibration errors and unmodeled sea surface topography (SST) effects. If such effects are present, the combination of GOCE and gravity anomaly data can improve the geoid accuracy. The present work also presents results from simulations for the recovery of the stationary SST, which show that the combination of geoid heights obtained from a spherical harmonic geopotential model derived from GOCE with satellite altimetry data can provide SST models with some centimeters of error. However, combining data from GOCE with gravity anomalies in a collocation approach can result in the estimation of a higher resolution geoid, more suitable for high resolution mean dynamic SST modeling. Such simulations can be performed toward the development and evaluation of SST recovery methods.     

东南沿海台风风暴潮增水过程中非线性机制和地形的作用研究:以1509号台风"灿鸿"为例

本文基于FVCOM（Finite Volume Community Ocean Model）构建了一个覆盖中国渤海、黄海和东海的数值模型,采用NCEP-CFSR风场数据对1509号台风“灿鸿”产生的风暴潮进行模拟,与实测水位数据的对比表明该模型可靠、模拟结果合理。基于此模型,本文对非线性作用和地形在风暴潮增水过程中的作用进行了研究。首先,重点分析了增水过程中潮汐与风暴潮的非线性作用,结果表明：高潮时非线性作用使增水值降低;低潮时非线性作用使增水值升高。另外,开边界处分别只添加M₂、S₂和K₁分潮,分析天文潮的潮高和周期对非线性作用的影响,结果表明：潮高越高,非线性作用越明显;半日潮的非线性作用较全日潮更明显;并且,增水极值附近出现的半日周期的波动也与非线性作用有关。其次,除了非线性作用,地形对风暴潮的增水也有一定影响,本文改变地形的实验结果表明：坡度越大,增水极值越小。琉球群岛的存在使得东南沿海出现风暴潮增水的面积减小,但使得风暴潮增水的高值区域扩大。     

水下地形成图及数模整编系统的研究与运用

为了适应沿海经济对外的发展,满足水下地形测量以及数模研究、GIS应用的需求,自主研制了一套具有市场前景叉高效的水下地形成图及数模整编系统。     

长江口南汇咀岸滩围垦工程潮流数值模拟研究

南汇咀岸滩地处长江河口最大浑浊带,是长江河口淤涨速度最快的岸滩,是上海市规划围垦的重点区域。目前上海在南汇咀岸滩上已实施了围垦工程,围垦工程改变了长江口南汇岸线,也改变了南汇咀的水动力条件。为了解围垦工程实施后的水动力条件的变化,本文利用Delft3D-flow建立了长江口-杭州湾垂向平均的二维水动力模型,在对现场实测资料验证良好的基础上,对南汇咀海域围垦工程前后的潮流场进行了数值模拟,就围垦工程对周边海域的影响进行了分析研究。同时,对比南汇咀围垦前后的海图,采用GIS方法分析地形变化,利用地形变化来进一步验证海域的水动力变化。结果表明:工程后,杭州湾北岸流速增强,地形冲刷加剧;南汇东滩流速减弱,地形淤涨。     

内孤立波过凹陷地形的实验探究

本文通过实验室水槽实验,讨论内孤立波经过凹陷地形的演化过程。实验在两层流体中进行,上下水层的厚度和密度被定量地控制,改变凹陷地形的宽度,并对每种地形分别进行了不同分层结构下具有不同初始振幅的内孤立波对照实验,研究内孤立波与凹陷地形的作用过程。研究发现,本文实验环境下凹型内孤立波实验波形与mKdV(Korteweg-deVries)理论波形更符合;而上凸型内孤立波实验,当非线性参数ε≤0.22时,KdV理论波形与实验波形符合较好,当非线性参数ε≥0.27时.mKdV理论与实验波形符合较好。下凹型内孤立波经凹陷地形过程中波形变化轻微,主波振幅有先减小后增大的趋势,且障碍比越大,变化趋势越明显。本实验结果可作为研究海洋中内孤立波与海底凹陷地形作用情况的参考。     

Geomorphic change in high mountains: a western Himalayan perspective

Globally significant interactions between climate, surface processes, and tectonics have recently been proposed to explain climate change and mountain building. Assessing climate-driven erosion processes and geomorphic change in high-mountain environments, however, is notoriously difficult. In the western Himalaya, the coupling of climate, surface processes, and tectonics results in complex topography that frequently records the polygenetic nature of topographic evolution over the last 100 ka. Depending upon the erosional history of a particular landscape, temporal overprinting of geomorphic events can produce unique topographic properties which define the spatial complexity of the topography. Field work coupled with analysis of the topography using digital elevation models (DEMs) enable low- and high-frequency spatial patterns and scale-dependent properties of the topography to be detected and associated with geomorphic events caused by climate and tectonic forcing. We conducted spatial analysis of the topography at Nanga Parbat in northern Pakistan to demonstrate the utility of geomorphometry and to characterize dramatic geomorphic change over the past 100 ka. Results indicate rapid river incision, extensive glaciation, and variable denudation rates by mass movement, glaciation, and catastrophic flood flushing. Furthermore, topographic and chronologic evidence indicate that glaciation is strongly controlled by the southwestern monsoon, and that modern fluvial systems are still responding to tectonic forcing and deglaciation. Scale-dependent analysis of the topography revealed that different erosion processes uniquely alter the spatial complexity of the topography, such that the greatest mesoscale relief appears to be caused by glaciation. Collectively, our results indicate that topographic development in the western Himalaya is inherently polygenetic in nature, with glaciation, fluvial and slope processes all playing important roles at different times, and that they can do so sequentially on the same portion of the landscape. Given the rapidity of major changes in climate and glaciation over the last 100 ka, the landscape cannot be in steady-state.