利用垂直重力梯度异常反演海底地形的解析方法

目前,基于重力数据反演海底地形方法的主要原理是利用测深数据拟合出海底地形与重力（或重力梯度）数据之间的线性关系,这会导致对不同的海底地形会有不同的线性关系。为了克服这种不确定性的制约,本文基于长方体海山产生的垂直重力梯度的表达式,通过将研究海域进行格网化,建立了垂直重力梯度（vertical gravity gradient,VGG）与海深之间的函数关系,即关于海深的观测方程组,在此基础上,通过模拟计算,验证了观测方程组的解不仅唯一可解,而且具有较好的抗误差干扰性质。由于观测方程组受到研究海域外海山的影响（分为边界效应、远区影响）,因此,需要相应的数学方法来处理这些影响。本文将研究海域进行扩充得到扩展区域,然后在扩展海域上研究观测方程组,此时为了避免观测方程组出现奇异性,引入了正则化方法对扩展后的观测方程组进行求解,并从中截取研究海域上的海深。模拟试验表明,使用正则化方法后,边界效应对反演海深的均方根误差为0.48 m。最后,对南中国海真实海底地形进行了反演计算,将反演的海深与研究海域内的289个船测数据点进行对比,反演结果的均方根误差达到109 m。     

Topographic characteristics of laboratory induced shear fractures

The topography of laboratory induced shear fracture surfaces of Westerly granite was studied. Three types of fracture surfaces were examined: (1) a fresh fracture from the shear failure of an intact sample under polyaxial loading (₂ = 40 MPa > ₃ = 15 MPa); (2) a shear fracture subjected to frictional sliding of 100 m under polyaxial loading; (3) a shear fracture subjected to frictional sliding of 800 m under conventional triaxial loading (₁ > ₂ = ₃ = 40 MPa). Both sliding distances are within the range of the grain size of Westerly granite. The results are represented by a power spectral method.Similar to the power spectra from natural rock surfaces, the power spectra of the induced shear fracture surfaces fall off about 2 orders of magnitude per decade increase in spatial frequency. No corner frequency exists in the power spectra over a spatial frequency range from that corresponding to the profile length to the Nyquist frequency. A slope break in the power spectrum was identified, however. It separates a steeper low frequency segment from a less steep high frequency segment. The spatial frequency at the slope break corresponds to a wavelength of several hundred microns which is on the scale of the microcracking and contact breaking on the fractures. Upon re-examining power spectra of natural fault traces and fault surfaces obtained in previous studies, we noted similar slope breaks. We suggest that this slope break may have significant implications in the scaling problem. Both the induced fracture surfaces and natural faults exhibit topographic characteristics different from those of sawcut surfaces, which have been widely used in laboratory rock friction experiments. In the present study, we observed that even a small amount of sliding (less than a grain size) already results in significant mismatches between the paired sliding surfaces in the direction normal to sliding.     

我国东南部地形对降水量分布的气候影响

利用１９５１－１９８０年地面测站网的年、月平均降水量资料，分析出我国东南部地区的地形对降水量分布存在着气候影响。其影响表现在浙闽山区的东西两侧山坡各有一条多雨带，南岭南北两侧山坡附近各有一个多雨区。从这些多雨带和多雨区出现的季节清楚地呈出出地形的向风坡在多雨带和多雨区形成中的作用。指出这些多雨带和多雨区是由地形对降水天气系统影响产生的向风坡多雨带。     

T213L31全球中期数值天气预报系统2m温度预报误差源分析

T213L31全球中期数值天气预报系统的2m温度预报存在系统性偏低的问题，对业务预报影响很大，针对这一问题就产生原因对模式系统进行分析定位。经过一系列分析，通过对模式地形高度与观测站地形高度的比较，以及通过采用欧洲中心与国家气象中心的陆面过程初值得到的2m温度的比较，认为2m温度的误差是由于模式地形高度与实际地形高度存在较大差异以及2m温度预报对陆面过程所需的初值如土壤湿度等的敏感而实际采用特定值代替初始场的不科学性造成的。     

Geomorphic change in high mountains: a western Himalayan perspective

Globally significant interactions between climate, surface processes, and tectonics have recently been proposed to explain climate change and mountain building. Assessing climate-driven erosion processes and geomorphic change in high-mountain environments, however, is notoriously difficult. In the western Himalaya, the coupling of climate, surface processes, and tectonics results in complex topography that frequently records the polygenetic nature of topographic evolution over the last 100 ka. Depending upon the erosional history of a particular landscape, temporal overprinting of geomorphic events can produce unique topographic properties which define the spatial complexity of the topography. Field work coupled with analysis of the topography using digital elevation models (DEMs) enable low- and high-frequency spatial patterns and scale-dependent properties of the topography to be detected and associated with geomorphic events caused by climate and tectonic forcing. We conducted spatial analysis of the topography at Nanga Parbat in northern Pakistan to demonstrate the utility of geomorphometry and to characterize dramatic geomorphic change over the past 100 ka. Results indicate rapid river incision, extensive glaciation, and variable denudation rates by mass movement, glaciation, and catastrophic flood flushing. Furthermore, topographic and chronologic evidence indicate that glaciation is strongly controlled by the southwestern monsoon, and that modern fluvial systems are still responding to tectonic forcing and deglaciation. Scale-dependent analysis of the topography revealed that different erosion processes uniquely alter the spatial complexity of the topography, such that the greatest mesoscale relief appears to be caused by glaciation. Collectively, our results indicate that topographic development in the western Himalaya is inherently polygenetic in nature, with glaciation, fluvial and slope processes all playing important roles at different times, and that they can do so sequentially on the same portion of the landscape. Given the rapidity of major changes in climate and glaciation over the last 100 ka, the landscape cannot be in steady-state.     

TOPO-EUROPE: The geoscience of coupled deep Earth-surface processes

TOPO-EUROPE addresses the 4-D topographic evolution of the orogens and intra-plate regions of Europe through a multidisciplinary approach linking geology, geophysics, geodesy and geotechnology. TOPO-EUROPE integrates monitoring, imaging, reconstruction and modelling of the interplay between processes controlling continental topography and related natural hazards. Until now, research on neotectonics and related topography development of orogens and intra-plate regions has received little attention. TOPO-EUROPE initiates a number of novel studies on the quantification of rates of vertical motions, related tectonically controlled river evolution and land subsidence in carefully selected natural laboratories in Europe. From orogen through platform to continental margin, these natural laboratories include the Alps/Carpathians–Pannonian Basin System, the West and Central European Platform, the Apennines–Aegean–Anatolian region, the Iberian Peninsula, the Scandinavian Continental Margin, the East-European Platform, and the Caucasus–Levant area. TOPO-EUROPE integrates European research facilities and know-how essential to advance the understanding of the role of topography in Environmental Earth System Dynamics. The principal objective of the network is twofold. Namely, to integrate national research programs into a common European network and, furthermore, to integrate activities among TOPO-EUROPE institutes and participants. Key objectives are to provide an interdisciplinary forum to share knowledge and information in the field of the neotectonic and topographic evolution of Europe, to promote and encourage multidisciplinary research on a truly European scale, to increase mobility of scientists and to train young scientists. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of continental topography research, and of the challenges to TOPO-EUROPE researchers in the targeted natural laboratories.     

Is the universe homogeneous? (On large scales)

I critically discuss in a pedagogical and phenomenological way a few crucial tests challenging the recent claims by Pietronero and collaborators that there is no evidence from available galaxy catalogues that the Universe is actually homogeneous above a certain scale. In a series of papers, these authors assert that observations are consistent with a fractal distribution of objects extending to the limit of the present data. I show that while galaxies are indeed clustered in a scale-free (fractal) way on small and intermediate scales, this behaviour does not continue indefinitely. Although the specific wavelength at which the galaxy distribution apparently turns to homogeneity is dangerously close to the size of the largest samples presently available, there are serious hints suggesting that this turnover is real and that its effects are detected in the behaviour of statistical estimators. The most recent claims of a continuing fractal hierarchy up to scales of several hundreds Megaparsecs seem to be ascribable to the use of incomplete samples or to an improper treatment of otherwise high-quality data sets. The fractal perspective, nevertheless, represents a fruitful way to look at the clustering properties of galaxies, when properly coupled to the traditional gravitational instability scenario. In the last part of this paper I will try to clarify, at a very simple level, some of the confusion existing on the actual scaling properties of the galaxy distribution, and discuss how these can provide hints on the evolution of the large-scale structure of the Universe.     

精化大地水准面中的几个问题

根据近年来精化大地水准面的研究结果，对人们比较关心的５个方面的问题加以综述和探讨：（１）大地水准面的定义；（２）精化大地水准面的作用；（３）由似大地水准面改化为大地水准面；（４）海面地形对大地水准面的影响及其改正；（５）高程异常中的零阶项及其误差     

Analytical solution to a bias in the TOPMODEL framework balance

The increasing need for distributed hydrological modelling leads to an intense use of spatially distributed predictions of physically based models, such as TOPMODEL as addressed here. The ability of these models to reproduce the internal behaviour of catchments physically is increasingly tested through field experiments (geochemical investigation, distributed measurements network, etc.). This paper will show that, in the case of TOPMODEL, an implicit approximation remains in the classic derivation of the equations that consists in neglecting the surface of saturated areas with respect to the total surface of the catchment. This simplifying, though unnecessary, approximation leads to a systematic underestimation of the catchment water storage deficit and to divergence in the water budget accounting. This may also significantly change the predicted ratio between subsurface and surface water fluxes in the total discharge. An analytical solution is suggested that leads to water balance accounting which is better defined, and more consistent in comparison with field water storage recording. It is expected that this work will ensure more accurate TOPMODEL predictions, consistent with the assumptions of the model. This will then improve the interpretation of comparisons between results of simulation and field experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.