Coast formation in an Arctic area due to glacier surge and retreat: The Hornbreen–Hambergbreen case from Spistbergen

Glacierised coasts undergo faster geomorphic processes than unglaciated ones. We have studied changes of the coastal area in southern Svalbard with the glacier bridge between Torell Land and Sørkapp Land since the beginning of the 20th century. The existence of a continuous subglacial depression beneath the Hornbreen–Hambergbreen glacier system has been debated since the 1960s, with inconclusive results. In this study we assess both the subglacial topography and the bathymetry of Hornsund Fjord and Hambergbukta bay. This included ~40 km of radar surveys over the glacial system and sea depth sounding. The extent of the glaciers from maps and satellite images together with digital terrain models and surface elevation data based on GPS profiling were used to analyse geometry changes of the glacier surfaces. The results confirm the existence of a continuous subglacial depression below sea level (c. 40 m deep) between Hornsund and the Barents Sea. The Hornbreen‐Hambergbreen system has changed in shape over the past century, reflecting its dynamic origin and activity, also exemplified by the sequential surges identified since 1899. There was a pre‐surge build‐up event of Flatbreen causing a surge and subsequent lowering of the Hornbreen‐Hambergbreen frontal parts by the 1960s. After, the entire surface lowered, albeit with a delay in the Hornbreen terminal zone. Since the year 2000, Hornbreen terminus has retreated at an average rate of 106 m a^?1; ~50% faster than that of Hambergbreen. If the retreat continues at the 2000–2015 average rate, the ice bridge between Hornsund and Hambergbukta will be broken sometime between 2055 and 2065 and the Hornsund strait will separate Sørkapp Land from the Spitsbergen island. The processes and events described in this study, particularly the effects of the glacier surge, may provide a model for changes likely to occur in other coastal glaciated regions experiencing rapid change. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原东缘岩石圈结构对现今地表垂向运动影响的数值分析

参考青藏高原东缘松潘-甘孜地块至四川盆地陡变地形起伏和地壳密度结构的横向差异,本文建立了二维牛顿黏性流体有限元模型,计算分析构造加载、陡变地形和重力效应控制下青藏高原东缘岩石圈变形特征,探讨横向不均匀的地壳密度结构、陡变地形和岩石圈流变性质对区域现今垂向运动的影响.计算结果显示：在构造加载作用下,松潘-甘孜地块至四川盆地地表抬升微弱.区域横向不均匀的地壳密度结构驱使松潘-甘孜地块地壳整体抬升,速率高达2 mm·a^-1,四川盆地整体下沉,速率约1 mm·a^-1,与龙门山两侧现今观测到的地表垂向变形模式相近.龙门山地区陡变地形驱使柔性地壳流动,调整区域地壳局部变形;岩石圈流变结构影响重力驱动作用下的模型变形量值和岩石圈变形耦合程度,松潘-甘孜地块较低的中地壳黏滞系数引起上、下地壳的变形解耦;模型较高的岩石圈地幔黏滞系数使重力驱动作用下区域垂向变形量降低.因此,青藏高原东缘地壳密度结构差异、地形起伏和岩石圈流变性质是现今区域垂向变形的重要动力学控制因素.     

Uncertainty in quantitative analyses of topographic change: error propagation and the role of thresholding

Topographic surveys inevitably contain error, introducing uncertainty into estimates of volumetric or mean change based on the differencing of repeated surveys. In the geomorphic community, uncertainty has often been framed as a problem of separating out real change from apparent change due purely to error, and addressed by removing measured change considered indistinguishable from random noise from analyses (thresholding). Thresholding is important when quantifying gross changes (i.e. total erosion or total deposition), which are systematically biased by random errors in stable parts of a landscape. However, net change estimates are not substantially influenced by those same random errors, and the use of thresholds results in inherently biased, and potentially misleading, estimates of net change and uncertainty. More generally, thresholding is unrelated to the important process of propagating uncertainty in order to place uncertainty bounds around final estimates. Error propagation methods for uncorrelated, correlated, and systematic errors are presented. Those equations demonstrate that uncertainties in modern net change analyses, as well as in gross change analyses using reasonable thresholds, are likely to be dominated by low-magnitude but highly correlated or systematic errors, even after careful attempts to reduce those errors. In contrast, random errors with little to no correlation largely cancel to negligible levels when averaged or summed. Propagated uncertainty is then typically insensitive to the precision of individual measurements, and is instead defined by the relative mean error (accuracy) over the area of interest. Given that real-world mean elevation changes in many landscape settings are often similar in magnitude to potential mean errors in repeat topographic analyses, reducing highly correlated or systematic errors will be central to obtaining accurate change estimates, while placing uncertainty bounds around those results provides essential context for their interpretation. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

长江南京段近20年来河槽演变及其对人类活动的响应

利用 1998年和2013年历史水下地形数据,结合2015年和2016年多波束测深、流速与河床沉积物数据,探讨了南京段河槽演变对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明：① 1998~2013年南京河段整体呈现冲刷状态,净冲刷量为0.56亿 m³。② 南京段主河槽发育有平床和沙波等微地貌,两侧发育有水下陡坡。其中,平床和小尺度沙波区域平均流速为0.79 m/s,而巨型沙波区域平均流速为1.41 m/s。③ 人类活动对该河段的水下微地貌演变与河势演变起到至关重要的作用。由于三峡大坝等人类活动的影响,上游来沙量仍将持续低于多年平均值,南京段河槽会进一步冲刷并极可能给涉水工程安全带来威胁。     

Moisture content variations in soil and plant of post-fire regenerating forests in central Yunnan Plateau,Southwest China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Plant moisture content (PMC) is used as an indicator of forest flammability, which is assumed to be affected by climate drought. However, the fire-induced drought...     

老挝VIIRS活跃火的主要自然地理要素特征

利用美国国家航空航天局火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）VIIRS V1活跃火、先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型（ASTER GDEM）、MODIS NDVI/LSWI与土地覆被数据产品（FROM-GLC）,基于GIS定量分析老挝2012—2017年从分省到国家不同空间尺度活跃火频次的动态变化,并重点分析2015厄尔尼诺年活跃火频次及其与海拔、坡度、植被-水分（NDVI ^*、LSWI）指数、土地覆被等主要自然地理要素的相关特征。结果表明：① 老挝活跃火频次呈先增后减的趋势,峰值在2015厄尔尼诺年,主要集中在上、中寮,其中琅勃拉邦、沙耶武里与沙湾拿吉三省居前三位,而万象市、塞公和赛宋本则居后三位。② 老挝2012—2017年活跃火发生频次与地形因素（海拔、坡度）的关系基本相同,活跃火集中在海拔1000 m以下、坡度小于30°的低山-丘陵区。其中,上寮活跃火集中分布在500~1000 m、10~30°的斜陡坡山地,中、下寮集中在500 m以下、2~20°的缓斜坡丘陵。③ 活跃火高度集中在旱季,以3月、4月最多,并集中分布在NDVI为0.4~0.8和LSWI为0.2~0.6的中高覆盖度植被区。④ 老挝活跃火主要发生在森林这一土地覆被类型中,且以上寮最为集中,而中寮多以农田、草地和灌丛活跃火为主。综上,基于自然地理要素的活跃火特征分析可以有效识别其发生类型,即老挝活跃火主要由刀耕火种农业所引起。     

海底地形变化对地震波场以及偏移成像的影响

本文针对海洋地球物理勘探数据处理当中偏移成像剖面中深层层位模糊,像场能量较弱的问题,从起伏海底在反射地震数据采集当中某个时刻发生变化着手,分析讨论了当海底发生微小变化以及海底发生稍大变化时模型差异对波场记录以及偏移成像剖面的影响,通过分析对比原始速度模型以及变化后速度模型同一点位上采集的波场记录以及波场记录在变化前后模型上的偏移成像剖面可以得出：不管数据采集是沿着测线方向进行还是逆着测线方向进行,对于起伏海底发生微小变化的速度模型,海底的微小变化对波场记录以及偏移剖面的影响很小;对于起伏海底发生较大变化的速度模型,海底的变化对波场记录以及偏移剖面的影响非常大。     

岛屿地形下的核电厂护岸防洪设计研究

对国内第一个岛屿地形下核电厂的护岸防洪设计进行了研究,提出直立式护岸结构方案以满足核电厂防洪和避让毗邻海岛的要求。在波浪数值模拟计算结果基础上,开展了波浪整体物理模型试验、波浪局部整体物理模型试验和波浪断面物理模型试验,对护岸的越浪量和结构稳定性进行了优化验证。研究结果表明,岛屿地形下,波浪破碎和波能集中导致护岸堤身坡脚处波高增大,须加高挡浪墙和优化挡浪墙结构型式;在相同的越浪量标准下,采用直立堤结构相对斜坡堤结构对应的护岸挡浪墙的高程须明显加高;利用部分海岛地形斜坡高地作为厂区护岸一部分时,原状海岛地形斜坡高地处的波浪爬高效应明显,须加高邻近护岸挡浪墙的高程。     

青岛海岸带及邻近海域地形和沉积物类型研究

研究了青岛海岸带及邻近海域的地形特征、沉积物类型及分布特征。总体看来,沿海岸粒度较粗,为砂、粉砂质砂等,向海深处粒度有逐渐变细的趋势,海深处的沉积物主要为砂—粉砂—黏土,局部为粉砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂和黏土质砂。灵山岛周围,沉积物粒度较粗。胶州湾口内外为一海底深槽,水深流急,冲刷强烈,沉积物粒度非常粗,主要为粗砂、中砂,局部有基岩出露。深槽南北两侧各有一条突出海底的砂脊,平行于深槽延伸方向砂脊由中砂组成,混有少量黏土,北侧砂脊表面呈不规则起伏,南侧砂脊表面则较为平整。胶州湾内沉积物粒度总体较细,主要为粉砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂及砂—粉砂—黏土等。根据沉积物类型及分布特征,可把青岛海岸带及邻近海域的沉积划分为4个沉积区:胶州湾口及滨岸现代沉积区、北部浅海沉积区、南部浅海沉积区和残留—残余沉积区。     

鲁南一次锋面附近局地特大暴雨成因分析

利用美国新一代中尺度数值模式WRF对2005年9月2日发生在鲁南的一次局地特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,着重对此次暴雨的产生机制进行了分析.研究表明,台风倒槽顶部的高湿区是暴雨主要水汽来源;对流层低层辐合线在暴雨发生发展过程中起重要作用;锋面附近的小尺度扰动是造成暴雨的直接系统;对流层低层地形造成的绕流是暴雨重要的触发机制;南北两系统的相互对峙是造成特大暴雨的重要原因.